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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Human trafficking is reportedly prevalent in Indonesia, with women and children being especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Children are also subjected to labour exploitation and forced to work overtime for inadequate wages. Men migrate internally in search of work in the fishing, mining and plantation industries, where they often fall victim to forced labour, have their mobility restricted, suffer physical abuse and work for little to no pay. Perpetrators are believed to operate both independently and as part of international labour-recruitment companies, which are known as Pelaksana Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Swasta. Corruption facilitates the market for human trafficking, with corrupt officials issuing false documents, protecting venues of exploitation and providing protection to recruitment agencies. Until it introduced tighter immigration controls in , Indonesia was a significant transit corridor for migrants from Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar looking to get to Australia. Individuals who have themselves been smuggled into Indonesia work as recruiters and organizers of smuggling channels. Human smuggling has become a viable means of economic survival for many locals, which is why fishermen help with the transportation of asylum seekers and border officials engage in bribery and the falsification of identity documents. Internal conflicts in Indonesia fuelled by rebel groups, separatist movements and terrorist organizations have led to an increase in arms trafficking from Cambodia, Myanmar and the Philippines. This proliferation of arms has contributed to rising rates of violence and communal conflict in certain regions of the country. There are allegations that state-embedded actors facilitate the market through the provision of funds and other resources. Illegal logging often occurs in protected forest areas, access to which is made easier by the fact that logging companies legally manage adjacent forest areas. There is an enormous illegal wildlife market in Indonesia, among the largest in South-eastern Asia. The market mainly targets Sumatran tigers, cockatoos, monkeys, bats, parrots, elephants and orangutans. Illegal, unreported and unregulated IUU fishing also occurs on a significant scale in Indonesian waters. Poachers and wildlife dealers are predominantly domestic actors, while foreign fleets Chinese, Vietnamese and Filipino are for the most part engaged in IUU fishing in Indonesia. Illegal mining for gold and drilling for oil occur on a large scale in Indonesia. There are reportedly thousands of unlicensed mines, using mostly unlicensed equipment, which increases both safety and environmental damage risks. Indonesia suffers significant annual financial losses, estimated to be equivalent to billions of US dollars, from illegal gold mining. The market for illegal non-renewable resources is arguably among the largest in the region. Both locals and migrant workers engage in illegal mining operations in Indonesia, along with mining companies which either lack valid licences or mine resources in protected areas. Corruption plays an integral part in illegal mining, usually in the form of payments to low-level officials. There have also been serious allegations about the military failing to end illegal mining due to corruption. A heroin market exists in Indonesia, but it is comparatively small. Heroin is trafficked into the country from large regional producers such as Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. There are many reports indicating that state-embedded actors, especially in the Indonesian national narcotics agency BNN , accept payments in return for facilitating the illicit trade in heroin and cocaine. In turn, Indonesia is a destination country for cocaine, with tourist hotspots such as Bali and Nusa Tenggara being especially prominent markets. Cannabis is prevalent in Indonesia and is used traditionally in the northern parts of Sumatra, especially in the Aceh region, where it holds religious as well as spiritual importance and is used in cooking and herbal medicine. As with heroin and cocaine, corruption is rampant and state-embedded actors are used to facilitate trade in both cannabis and synthetic drugs. Synthetic drug use in Indonesia has been on the rise in recent years. While methamphetamine is the most popular synthetic drug in the country, there has been an increase in the use of new psychoactive substances, mostly synthetic cannabinoids. There is a wide spectrum of criminal networks allegedly involved in various forms of organized crime in Indonesia. For the most part, these criminal networks are involved in drug trafficking in the major cities, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Yogyakarta and Medan, as well as in tourist destinations such as Bali. The latest operative information available suggests that there are 83 criminal networks engaged in drug trafficking in Indonesia. Human trafficking networks, on the other hand, are believed to exist primarily in rural areas, especially in eastern Indonesia. Terror-like operations are reportedly carried out by large criminal networks adhering to religious interests, but terrorist networks operate in Indonesia as well. Criminal networks are thought to significantly influence the democratic process in Indonesia, often through maintaining state-embedded connections, participating in political campaigns and buying votes. Corruption is rampant in the country at state and regional levels, and state-embedded actors facilitate a range of organized crime operations. In particular, prison and border control officers, as well as the BNN, aid drug trafficking. It is likely that state-embedded actors also exert control over criminal markets in the country and take an active part in them. Although the Indonesian government fails to recognise mafia-style groups, the Geng Sembilan considered by experts to be such a group has been present in Jakarta since the s. The group, also known as Gang of Nine, 9 Naga and 9 Dragons, operates in various markets, most notably gambling, property and drugs. The group is characterized as a business racket with interests in the legal economy. While it does not control large territories and its membership is relatively small, the group has a monopoly on property and the drug trafficking market. Other mafia-style organizations are also operational in Indonesia and have ties to the police and military elite. There is anecdotal evidence of foreign involvement in certain criminal markets, such as human and drug trafficking, but foreign groups mostly collaborate with local organizations. Foreign actors operate primarily in tourist regions such as Bali and Nusa Tenggara, as well as across eastern Indonesia. Foreign motorcycle gangs have recently expanded their range and gained a foothold across the region, including in Indonesia. The Indonesian government has taken a strong public stance against organized crime in national and international forums, with the issue featuring on both party and election agendas. Several internal separatist movements have threatened government resilience to organized crime, and corruption runs unchecked in the country. There is a functioning anti-corruption body — the corruption eradication commission KPK — which enjoys public trust; however, its ability to operate was severely curtailed by legislative amendments in In spite of the protests and rioting that ensued, the amendments were implemented. Although the government engages with civil society in anti-corruption efforts, many of its agencies lack the capacity and skills to deal with corruption. However, anti-corruption measures such as e-budgeting and procurement have been implemented, and the government is considered fairly transparent. Indonesia has signed and ratified all relevant international treaties pertaining to organized crime. Additionally, the government has stipulated international cooperation as one of its priorities in combating organized crime. In addition, it has been recommended that Indonesia amend its conservation legislation to meet current environmental crime concerns. There are no specialized anti-organized crime units within the judiciary, and — as in politics — corruption is pervasive in the judicial system. The prison system is also plagued by issues and does not meet minimum international standards. The Indonesian national police force is tasked with countering organized crime, although a lack of training limits its anti-organized crime capacities. Indonesia both shares and receives intelligence from its partners, but corruption and political influence may have decreased trust among its partners and discouraged the practice. Apart from a forestry crimes section with dedicated investigators within the Department of Forestry, there are no specialized anti-organized crime units in Indonesia. The country lacks the necessary infrastructure to monitor its borders effectively, especially in its efforts to combat drug trafficking. Indonesia has a financial intelligence unit that is tasked with the prevention of money laundering, the analysis and investigation of financial transactions and data and information management. Significant progress in business regulation has been made, especially when compared with other countries in the region. E-commerce is growing fast in Indonesia, allowing businesses to reach larger audiences, but also presenting organized crime with more opportunities to sell drugs as well as illegal flora and fauna. There are some indications that organized crime has infiltrated the legal economy, especially in regard to gambling and real estate. The government supports victims of human trafficking and drug use, providing them with physical protection and medical, psychological and psychosocial services, as well as granting them procedural rights. Civil society has also been active in this respect, especially in assisting drug users and victims of drug-related crimes. There are witness-protection programmes, delivered by the witness and victim protection agency LPSK. However, the LPSK is based in Jakarta and does not yet have any regional offices, which makes witness protection procedures low and access to safe houses difficult. In terms of prevention, national prevention strategies exist, with the focus being predominantly on human trafficking. While government efforts to combat human trafficking have increased, including establishing local and district-level inter-agency anti-human trafficking task forces, measures remain inadequate to address the problem fully. The government still lacks standard operating procedures for proactive victim identification and referral services. However, mechanisms are available for local communities to report organized crime through call centres, texts or online platforms. NGOs are active in supporting anti-drug and anti-human trafficking campaigns. Despite some friction between the government and the civil society sector, the former is generally supportive of non-state actors working against organized crime. Conversely, press freedom in Indonesia is poor, as evidenced by acts of violence against and the prosecution of journalists. Reportedly, journalists documenting environmental crimes are being increasingly targeted, as are foreign journalists and fixers, particularly those reporting on government or military irregularities. The cutting off of internet access has also been a tool used by the government to restrict the freedom of the press. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Jakarta. Income group Lower middle income. Population ,, Geography type Coastal. Criminal markets 6. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 6. Human smuggling 6. Arms trafficking 4. Flora crimes 7. Fauna crimes 8. Non-renewable resource crimes 7. Heroin trade 3. Cocaine trade 4. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 6. Criminal actors 6. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 6. Criminal networks 7. State-embedded actors 7. Foreign actors 6. Political leadership and governance 4. Government transparency and accountability 3. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 5. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 4. Territorial integrity 4. Anti-money laundering 4. Economic regulatory capacity 4. Victim and witness support 5. Prevention 4. Non-state actors 4. Analysis Download full profile english. People Human trafficking is reportedly prevalent in Indonesia, with women and children being especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Trade Internal conflicts in Indonesia fuelled by rebel groups, separatist movements and terrorist organizations have led to an increase in arms trafficking from Cambodia, Myanmar and the Philippines. Drugs A heroin market exists in Indonesia, but it is comparatively small. Criminal Actors There is a wide spectrum of criminal networks allegedly involved in various forms of organized crime in Indonesia. Leadership and governance The Indonesian government has taken a strong public stance against organized crime in national and international forums, with the issue featuring on both party and election agendas. Criminal justice and security There are no specialized anti-organized crime units within the judiciary, and — as in politics — corruption is pervasive in the judicial system. Civil society and social protection The government supports victims of human trafficking and drug use, providing them with physical protection and medical, psychological and psychosocial services, as well as granting them procedural rights. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.
A senior member of parliament (MP) questioned the Bandung high court judges' ruling under which six convicted drug traffickers, who had smuggled kilograms.
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MP questions Bandung high court's ruling in drug trafficking case. I question the logic of the Bandung high court judges' ruling that has reduced the punishment of the six convicted drug traffickers. What has really happened? Jakarta ANTARA - A senior member of parliament MP questioned the Bandung high court judges' ruling under which six convicted drug traffickers, who had smuggled kilograms of crystal methamphetamine into Indonesia, were freed from capital punishment. The six convicted drug traffickers had earlier been awarded death penalty by the Cibadak District Court, but they rejected the verdict and filed an appeal to the high court against it. Instead of keeping the verdict unaltered, the Bandung high court lightened their punishment. Padjalangi contended that the six convicted drug traffickers belonged to a transnational drug ring that had professionally worked and planned to destroy members of Indonesia's young generation. Padjalangi also urged the prosecutors to file an appeal against the ruling since discounting the punishment for drug offenders had evidently demonstrated Indonesia's weak law enforcement against them. Indonesia remains under grave threat from drug dealers, as several individuals from its working-age population have become trapped in a vicious circle. The National Narcotics Agency's BNN's report of some 50 Indonesians dying of drug use daily has failed to deter drug users in the country from consuming these banned substances. Related news: South Kalimantan BNNP intercepts meth distribution from Malaysia Related news: Aceh police thwarts one-kg crystal meth smuggling by drug courier The users of crystal methamphetamine, narcotics, marijuana, and other types of addictive drugs come from different communities and socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Drawing reference to the outcome of the survey, some out of every 10 thousand Indonesians, aged between 15 and 64, had got siphoned into drug addiction, he noted. Hence, marking the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on Monday, Amin drew the collective attention of Indonesians to the ongoing grave threats of drug crimes. Related News. BPOM to expedite radiopharma drug certification to improve cancer care 15th October Beware of foreign job offers involving people in drug syndicate: BNN 4th October Navy thwarts drug drop in maritime waters 19th September International drug racket busted, 6 arrested in East Aceh 17th September N Sumatra police nab drug offenders in August-September crackdown 17th September Police destroy 51kg drugs seized from international cartel 4th September Baznas, BNN to use alms funds to fight drug abuse 27th August Ensuring drug, vaccine availability to mitigate mpox spread: govt 27th August Sidoarjo Police seize pickup truck, 30kg meth in drug bust 16th August Indonesia's battle against the new narcotics smuggling scheme 8th August
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President Joko Widodo has given authorities wider powers, drug laws have been tightened and the death penalty for drugs reinstated.
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