Bagıran
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Bagıran
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Country in Western Asia. For other uses, see Bahrain (disambiguation) .
مملكة البحرين ( Arabic ) Mamlakat al-Bahrayn
53.2% Arabs –47.4% Bahrainis –5.8% other Arabs 43.4% Asians 1.4% Africans 1.1% North Americans 0.8% Europeans 0.1% Others
• Independence from United Kingdom [7]
Since 17 November 1967. [14] 46% are Bahraini citizens, 4.7% are other Arabs.
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2022 )
This article needs to be updated . Please help update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( November 2020 )
^ (Arabic: مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn )
^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN (ISSUED IN 2002) AND ITS AMENDMENTS (ISSUED IN 2012)" (PDF) . National Institution for Human Rights . National Institute for Human Rights . Retrieved 31 August 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bahrain: Languages" . Britannica Online . Retrieved 28 June 2012 .
^ "Living in Bahrain" . BSB. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bahrain 2020 Census" . Information and eGovernment Authority . 28 February 2021 . Retrieved 5 April 2021 .
^ Jump up to: a b Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Bahrain . Pew Research Center . 2020.
^ "Bahrain ends special pact" . The Straits Times . 15 August 1971.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "CIA World Factbook, "Bahrain" " . Cia.gov . Retrieved 25 January 2011 .
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^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . April 2022 . Retrieved 19 April 2022 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 12 March 2019 .
^ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . Retrieved 16 December 2020 .
^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports , Volume 8, Archive Editions, 1987, page 92
^ "Bahrain – the World Factbook" . 19 October 2021.
^ "Area of Bahrain Expands to 765.3 square kilometres" . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 .
^ Oman: The Lost Land Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved on 7 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c EB (1878) .
^ "The history of British involvement in Bahrain's internal security" . openDemocracy . Retrieved 7 July 2021 .
^ "Bahrain says ban on protests in response to rising violence" . CNN. 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 .
^ "How Bahrain uses sport to whitewash a legacy of torture and human rights abuses | David Conn | Sport" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 July 2018 .
^ "Bahrain: Reform-Promise and Reality" (PDF) . J.E. Peterson. p. 157.
^ "Bahrain's economy praised for diversity and sustainability" . Bahrain Economic Development Board. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 .
^ "Bahrain" . IMUNA | NHSMUN | Model UN . Retrieved 7 July 2021 .
^ "Bahrain Etymology, History, Geography, Government and politics, The Free Encyclopedia" . rsmag.org . Retrieved 21 April 2022 .
^ Jump up to: a b Houtsma, M. Th. (1960). "Baḥrayn". Encyclopedia of Islam . Vol. I. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 941.
^ "Bahrain" . TeachMideast . Retrieved 21 April 2022 .
^ First encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 . E.J. Brill. 1993. p. 584. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4 .
^ "Bahrain Human Development Report 2018" (PDF) . Bahrain Human Development Report 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rentz, G. "al- Baḥrayn". Encyclopaedia of Islam . Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 15 March 2008 [1] [ permanent dead link ]
^ Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary . Clive Holes . pp. XIX. ISBN 9004107630 .
^ Jump up to: a b EB (1911) .
^ "Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun" . UNESCO . Retrieved 5 October 2012 .
^ Larsen, Curtis E. (1984). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society . University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-0-226-46906-5 .
^ "Concise History of Islam" . Concise History of Islam . 14 September 2011. ISBN 9789382573470 .
^ Jump up to: a b Larsen 1983 , p. 13.
^ Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, Henry Bohn, 1854 p38
^ Arnold Heeren, ibid, p441
^ Potts, D.T., in: Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms: Studies in Ancient Arabian Monetization , Huth, Martin, and van Alfen, Peter G., (editors), Numismatic studies, The American Numismatic Society, New York, 2010, p. 36
^ W. B. Fisher et al. The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press 1968 p40
^ Ju. B. Tsirkin. "Canaan. Phoenicia. Sidon" (PDF) . p. 274. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 .
^ R. A. Donkin (1998). Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing: Origins to the Age of Discoveries, Volume 224 . p. 48. ISBN 978-0-87169-224-5 .
^ Michael Rice (1986). Bahrain Through The Ages – Archa . pp. 401–402. ISBN 978-0-7103-0112-3 .
^ "Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity" . A.H.L. Heeren . 1846.
^ Rice, Michael (1994). The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf . Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-415-03268-1 .
^ Rice, Michael (1994). The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf . Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-415-03268-1 .
^ Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132
^ "GAMEON-ARABIA'2015, March 2-4, 2015, AOU, Manama, Bahrain, Conference Venue | EUROSIS" . www.eurosis.org . Retrieved 21 April 2022 .
^ Hoyland, Robert G. (2001). Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam . Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-415-19535-5 .
^ From Persian sa-mahij (سه ماهی) meaning Three Fish.
^ Jean Francois Salles p132
^ "Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War" (PDF) . Durham University . 1973. pp. 46–47.
^ Jump up to: a b Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary . Clive Holes . pp. XXIV–XXVI. ISBN 9004107630 . Thus the pre-Islamic ethno-linguistic situation in eastern Arabia appear to have been a mixed tribal population of partially Christianised Arabs of diverse origins who probably spoke different old Arabian vernaculars; a mobile Persian-speaking population, possibly of traders and administrators, with strong links to Persia, with which they maintained close contact; a sedentary, non-tribal community of Aramaic-speaking farmers; a Persian clergy, which we know for certain, used Syriac as a language of liturgy and general writing, probably alongside Persian as a spoken language.
^ Jump up to: a b J. R. Smart (2013). Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature . ISBN 978-0-7007-0411-8 .
^ Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 5 . M. Th. Houtsma . p. 98. ISBN 9004097910 .
^ Serjeant, Robert Bertram (1968). "Fisher-folk and fish-traps in al-Bahrain". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London . 31 (3): 486–514 (488). doi : 10.1017/s0041977x00125522 . JSTOR 614301 . S2CID 128833964 .
^ Emerick, Yahiya (2002) Critical Lives: Muhammad , p. 185, Penguin
^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 147. ( online )
^ Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar , p. 226
^ Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī, History of Islam, Volume 1 , p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet «P sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus"
^ A letter purported to be from Muhammad to al-Tamimi is preserved at the Beit al-Qur'an Museum in Hoora , Bahrain
^ "The letters of the Prophet Muhammed beyond Arabia" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 .
^ "Qarmatiyyah" . Overview of World Religions . St. Martin's College. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . Retrieved 4 May 2007 .
^ Cyril Glasse, New Encyclopedia of Islam , p. 245. Rowman Altamira, 2001. ISBN 0-7591-0190-6
^ "Black Stone of Mecca" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 June 2007.
^ Cole, Juan (2002). Sacred Space And Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'ite Islam . I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-736-9 .
^ Smith, G.R. "Uyūnids". Encyclopaedia of Islam . Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 16 March 2008 [2]
^ Cole , p. 179
^ "erickbonnier-pictures - Barhain - Pearl of Gulf" . www.erickbonnier-pictures.com (in French) . Retrieved 22 April 2022 .
^ Cole , p. 186
^ Cole , p. 198.
^ Cole , p. 194
^ Cole , p. 187
^ Jump up to: a b McCoy, Eric Andrew (2008). Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates: Migration, Minorities, and Identities in the Persian Gulf Arab States . p. 73. ISBN 978-0-549-93507-0 .
^ Slot, B. (1991). The Origins of Kuwait . BRILL. p. 110. ISBN 978-90-04-09409-3 .
^ Ownership deeds Archived 24 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine to a palm garden on the island of Sitra, Bahrain, which was sold by Mariam bint Ahmed Al Sindi to Shaikh Salama Bin Saif Al Utbi, dated 1699–1111 Hijri,
^ Wilkinson, John Craven (1991). Arabia's frontiers: the story of Britain's boundary drawing in the desert . I.B. Tauris. p. 44.
^ Rihani, Ameen Fares (1930). Around the coasts of Arabia . Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 297.
^ Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman, and Central Arabia , Geographical, Volume 1, 1905
^ Background Notes: Mideast, March, 2011 . US State Department. 2011. ISBN 978-1-59243-126-7 .
^ " 'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1000] (1155/1782)" . qdl.qa. 30 September 2014. p. 1000 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 .
^ Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf . Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915 [1000] (1155/1782), p. 1001
^ Onley, James. The Politics of Protection in the Persian Gulf: The Arab Rulers and the British Resident in the Nineteenth Century , Exeter University, 2004 p44
^ Onley, James (2007). "Chapter 1, (2.7)". The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj. Merchants, Rulers and British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922810-2 .
^ Al-Baharna, Husain (1968). Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States: A Study of Their Treaty Relations and Their International Problems . Manchester University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-7190-0332-6 .
^ Jump up to: a b Smart, J. R.; Smith, G. Rex; Pridham, B. R. (2004). New Arabian Studies . University of Exeter Press. pp. 51, 52, 53, 67, 68. ISBN 978-0-85989-706-8 .
^ Pridham, B. R.; University of Exeter. Centre for Arab Gulf Studies (1985). The Arab Gulf and the West . Taylor & Francis. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7099-4011-1 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilson, Arnold T. (2011). The Persian Gulf: A historical sketch from the earliest times to the beginning of the twentieth century . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-84105-7 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Mojtahed-Zadeh 1999 , p. 130.
^ The old Qaṣr es-Sheikh (click on photo to enlarge).
^ Kinninmont, Jane (28 February 2011). "Bahrain's Re-Reform Movement" . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 7 July 2012 .
^ Jump up to: a b Abedin, Mahan (9 December 2004). "All at sea over 'the Gulf' " . Asia Times Online . Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link )
^ "Near & Middle East Titles: Bahrain Government Annual Reports 1924–1970" . Cambridge Archives Editions. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 .
^ " Treasure troves of history and diversity ". Gulf News . 25 January 2013
^ "Bahrain:"How was separated from Iran" ?" . Iran Chamber Society . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Based on extracts from Mojtahedzadeh, Piruz (1995). "Bahrain: the land of political movements". Rahavard, A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies . XI (39).
^ Yergin, Daniel (13 January 1991). "The Incessant Lure of Kuwait's Oil" . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 October 2012 .
^ Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power . New York: Touchstone. pp. 282–283. ISBN 978-0-671-79932-8 .
^ Old Days Bahrain 1986 pp. 108–113
^ Mulligan, William E. (July–August 1976). "Air Raid! A Sequel" . Saudi Aramco World . Archived from the original on 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 .
^ Jump up to: a b Hamza, Abdul Aziz (2009). Tears on an Island: A History of Disasters in the Kingdom of Bahrain . Al Waad. p. 165. ISBN 978-99901-92-22-3 .
^ Breger, Sarah (2011). "The Unlikely Emissary: Houda Nonoo" . Moment . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . [ dead link ]
^ Jump up to: a b Ratzlav-Katz, Nissan (14 August 2008). "The King of Bahrain Wants the Jews Back" . Israel National News . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 .
^ Jump up to: a b Curtis, Adam (11 May 2012). "If you take my advice – I'd repress them" . BBC News . Retrieved 27 June 2012.
^ nationsonline.org, klaus kästle -. "Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain – Country Profile – Al Bahrayn – Persian Gulf" .
^ "Country independence dates" . didyouknow.org.
^ The Middle East and North Africa 2004 . Routledge. 2003. p. 225. ISBN 1-85743-184-7 .
^ "Bahrain" . National Post . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 .
^ Talbott, Strobe (25 October 1982). "Gulf States: Stay Just on the Horizon, Please" . Time . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 .
^ Darwish, Adel (1 March 1999). "Bahrain remains stable despite arson attacks that took place in the country" . The Middle East . [ dead link ]
^ "The Rich/Poor & Sunni/Shiite Rift" . APS Diplomat . – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . 18 March 2002. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 .
^ Darwish, Adel (March 1999). "Rebellion in Bahrain" . Middle East Review of International Affairs . 3 (1). Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 .
^ Malik, Adnan (14 December 2002). "Bahrain's monarch opens parliament after a span of nearly 30 years" . Associated Press (via HighBeam Research ). Archived from the original on 4 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bahrain: Promising human rights reform must continue" (PDF) . Amnesty International . 13 March 2001 . Retrieved 9 February 2011 .
^ "Country Theme: Elections: Bahrain" . UNDP -Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2011 .
^ "The Kingdom of Bahrain: The Constitutional Changes" . The Estimate: Political and Security Analysis of the Islamic World and its Neighbors . 22 February 2002. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 .
^ "Ruling Bahrain (Part I): The emir declares himself king" . 14 March 2019.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Middle East and North Africa 2004 . Europa Publications. 2003. p. 232. ISBN 1-85743-184-7 .
^ "To Implement the United States-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, and for Other Purposes" . White House Archives . Retrieved 23 June 2012 .
^ "Bahrain declares state of emergency after unrest" . Reuters . 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 .
^ "BICI | Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry" . www.bici.org.bh . 23 November 2011. pp. 162–163 . Retrieved 22 November 2020 .
^ "BICI | Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry" . www.bici.org.bh . 23 November 2011. pp. 73–74, 88 . Retrieved 22 November 2020 .
^ "Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry" . BICI. 23 November 2011. pp. 132–139.
^ Law, Bill (6 April 2011). "Police Brutality Turns Bahrain Into 'Island of Fear ' " . Crossing Continents (via BBC News ). Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Press release (30 March 2011). "USA Emphatic Support to Saudi Arabia" . Zayd Alisa (via Scoop ). Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Cockburn, Patrick (18 March 2011). "The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown – Seven Protest Leaders Arrested as Video Clip Highlights Regime's Ruthless Grip on Power" . The Independent . Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Bahrain inquiry confirms rights abuses" . Al Jazeera English. 23 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 .
^ "Applying pressure on Bahrain" . The Washington Post . 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 .
^ Carlstrom, Gregg (23 April 2012). "Bahrain court delays ruling in activists case" . Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
^ Solomon, Erika (11 June 2011). "Thousands rally for reform in Bahrain" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
^ "Bahrain protesters join anti-government march in Manama" . BBC News . 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 .
^ "Mass pro-democracy protest rocks Bahrain" . Reuters . 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
^ "Bahrain live blog 25 Jan 2012" . Al Jazeera. 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 .
^ "Heavy police presence blocks Bahrain protests" . Al Jazeera. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 .
^ "Bomb blast kills three Bahrain policemen" . BBC. 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 March 2014 .
^ "Tear Gas or Lethal Gas? Bahrain's Death Toll Mounts to
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