BARRY STROUD
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Ludwig WittgensteinLudwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein ( VIT-gən-s(h)tyne; Austrian German: [ˈluːdvɪɡ ˈjoːsɛf ˈjoːhan ˈvɪtɡn̩ʃtaɪn]; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge. Despite his position, only one book of his philosophy was published during his entire life: the 75-page Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung (Logical-Philosophical Treatise, 1921), which appeared, together with an English translation, in 1922 under the Latin title Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. His only other published works were an article, "Some Remarks on Logical Form" (1929); a book review; and a children's dictionary. His voluminous manuscripts were edited and published posthumously. The first and best-known of this posthumous series is the 1953 book Philosophical Investigations. A 1999 survey among American university and college teachers ranked the Investigations as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy, standing out as "the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations". His philosophy is often divided into an early period, exemplified by the Tractatus, and a later period, articulated primarily in the Philosophical Investigations. The "early Wittgenstein" was concerned with the logical relationship between propositions and the world, and he believed that by providing an account of the logic underlying this relationship, he had solved all philosophical problems. The "later Wittgenstein", however, rejected many of the assumptions of the Tractatus, arguing that the meaning of words is best understood as their use within a given language game. More precisely, Wittgenstein wrote, "For a large class of cases of the employment of the word 'meaning'—though not for all—this word can be explained in this way: the meaning of a word is its use in the language." Born in Vienna into one of Europe's richest families, he inherited a fortune from his father in 1913. Before World War I, he "made a very generous financial bequest to a group of poets and artists chosen by Ludwig von Ficker, the editor of Der Brenner, from artists in need. These included [Georg] Trakl as well as Rainer Maria Rilke and the architect Adolf Loos", as well as the painter Oskar Kokoschka. "In autumn 1916, as his sister reported, 'Ludwig made a donation of a million crowns ["equivalent to about $2,869,000 in 2016 dollars"] for the construction of a 30cm mortar.'" Later, in a period of severe personal depression after World War I, he gave away his remaining fortune to his brothers and sisters. Three of his four older brothers died by separate acts of suicide. Wittgenstein left academia several times: serving as an officer on the front line during World War I, where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages, where he encountered controversy for using sometimes violent corporal punishment on both girls and boys (see, for example, the Haidbauer incident), especially during mathematics classes; working during World War II as a hospital porter in London; and working as a hospital laboratory technician at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne.
In connection with: Ludwig Wittgenstein
Title combos: Wittgenstein Ludwig
Description combos: and of by masterpiece however working group meaning he
Philosophical skepticismPhilosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge. It differs from other forms of skepticism in that it even rejects very plausible knowledge claims that belong to basic common sense. Philosophical skeptics are often classified into two general categories: Those who deny all possibility of knowledge, and those who advocate for the suspension of judgment due to the inadequacy of evidence. This distinction is modeled after the differences between the Academic skeptics and the Pyrrhonian skeptics in ancient Greek philosophy. Pyrrhonian skepticism is a practice of suspending judgement, and skepticism in this sense is understood as a way of life that helps the practitioner achieve inner peace. Some types of philosophical skepticism reject all forms of knowledge while others limit this rejection to certain fields, for example, knowledge about moral doctrines or about the external world. Some theorists criticize philosophical skepticism based on the claim that it is a self-refuting idea since its proponents seem to claim to know that there is no knowledge. Other objections focus on its implausibility and distance from regular life.
In connection with: Philosophical skepticism
Title combos: skepticism Philosophical
Description combos: advocate of skepsis even and moral differences categories question
Language game (philosophy)A language-game (German: Sprachspiel) is a philosophical concept developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein, referring to simple examples of language use and the actions into which the language is woven. Wittgenstein argued that a word or even a sentence has meaning only as a result of the "rule" of the "game" being played. Depending on the context, for example, the utterance "Water!" could be an order, the answer to a question, or some other form of communication.
In connection with: Language game (philosophy)
Title combos: philosophy game game Language philosophy
Description combos: Depending or examples developed Wittgenstein or language and the
Philosophy of languagePhilosophy of language refers to the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought. Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
In connection with: Philosophy of language
Title combos: Philosophy of language Philosophy of
Description combos: reference of to and learning Frege nature between may
Barry StroudBarry Stroud (; 18 May 1935 – 9 August 2019) was a Canadian philosopher and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Known especially for his work on philosophical skepticism, he wrote about David Hume, Ludwig Wittgenstein, the metaphysics of color, and many other topics.
In connection with: Barry Stroud
Title combos: Stroud Barry
Description combos: Berkeley Wittgenstein and David May he professor about of
DescriptionDescription is any type of communication that aims to make vivid a place, object, person, group, or other physical entity. It is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse), along with exposition, argumentation, and narration.
In connection with: Description
Description combos: argumentation that type rhetorical argumentation and known type also
Stroud (surname)Stroud is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Angela Stroud (born 1981), Wisconsin politician Barry Stroud (1935–2019), American philosopher Byron Stroud (born 1969), Canadian musician Carlos Stroud (born 1942), American physicist C. J. Stroud (born 2001), American football player Chris Stroud (born 1982), American golfer David Stroud (born 1987), British footballer Derek Stroud (1930–2015), English footballer Don Stroud (born 1943), American actor Donna Stroud (born 1964), American lawyer and jurist Gregory Stroud (1892–1974), English operatic singer in Australia John Stroud (born 1957), American basketball player John Stroud (director) (1955–2009), British television director and producer Jonathan Stroud, author of the Bartimaeus Trilogy Ken Stroud (1908–2000), author of mathematics textbooks Kenny Stroud, British footballer Les Stroud, Canadian television survival enthusiast Marcus Stroud (born 1978), American football player Marion Boulton Stroud (1939–2015), American curator, author, and museum director Mike Stroud (disambiguation), several people with this name Mike Stroud (physician) (born 1955), British physician and explorer Mike Stroud (musician), guitarist in the New York electronic rock duo Ratatat Morris Stroud (1946–2016), American football player Peter Stroud, American guitarist Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud, (born 1965) British think tanker Reuben W. Stroud (1841–1875), New York engineer and politician Rhonda Stroud (born 1971), American materials scientist and planetary scientist Robert Stroud (1890–1963), murderer, author, and subject of the book and film "Birdman of Alcatraz" Ronald S. Stroud (1933–2021), Canadian historian, academic, archeologist, and epigraphist.
In connection with: Stroud (surname)
Title combos: Stroud surname
Description combos: surname 1939 1981 1933 director York 1943 the born
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