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Metrics details. Drug abuse and violence both are dangerous phenomena in all countries. The relation between drug abuse and violence is obscure, and what comes first is the question. This study clarifies the changes in drug abuse patterns in Upper Egypt and the association between drug abuse and different types of violence. Three hundred patients seeking medical advice in Mental Health Hospital participated in this study. After obtaining their informed written consent, they underwent urine analysis to determine the abused drug and filled up a questionnaire to determine the type of violence. Patterns of drug abuse have been changed in Upper Egypt since the appearance of tramadol. The age of onset of abuse was The type of violence changes from one drug abuse to another; auto-aggression was found in cannabis, while aggression towards objects and others was found in tramadol, inhalants, and other opioids. Drug abuse is a direct cause that increases the violence in the community. Types and degree of violence differ according to the drug abuse type. Drug abuse is a dangerous phenomenon in all countries. According to the World Drug Report , In Egypt, and since s, there was a sudden increase in numbers of abusers Hamdi et al. In Egypt, the first report for prevalence of drug abuse was published in Arabic and proved that 6. According to the National Institute of Health NIH , drug abuse comprises three stages: 1 Drug use refers to taking the drug to distinguish it. Lastly, 3 dependence, refers to substance dependence as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders DSM or addiction Qureshi et al. Addiction refers to chronic relapsing brain disease that is characterized by drug seeking and re-use even with harmful effects NIDA Some researches show that there are some connections between violence, suicidal risk, and substance abuse Tiet et al. Violence is a complex phenomenon, and WHO has defined it as the intentional use of threatened physical force against oneself, other person, or against a group or community that results in death, injury, maldevelopment, psychological harm, or deprivation WHO In , about 1. In Egypt, according to the data obtained from the Ministry of Interior, reported homicide cases were with a rate of 4. According to the media and research studies, violence became a serious problem in most countries Meyer et al. Risk factors for violence are complex, and many factors may contribute and interact. Researchers conclude a complex relation between violence and drug abuse where many variables can contribute and are difficult to be measured Boles and Miotto The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between use of certain type of drug abuse and the type of violence related to it, as well as the degree of violence, and to clarify the patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt. The study was conducted in addiction clinic, Assiut Mental Health Hospital, during the year of , after the permission of the ethical and research committee of the General Secretarial of Mental Health and Addiction was obtained. Three hundred addicts participated in this study after obtaining their informed consent, with full explanation of the study and its steps. Complete confidentiality was followed where all data and information either obtained from patients or obtained during interviews were kept as secrets. Sociodemographic data and history of addiction were taken using the form prepared for the study. Data related to the substance use, amount, method of use, and manner of use were taken from the patients according to the questionnaire and the form in Additional files 1 and 3. Data for the violence and aggression behaviors for the patients before and during addiction were taken according to the MOAS form. Urine analysis for all patients was done using Multi-Drug Step Screen Test Panel for urine with cutoff value shown in Table 1 to confirm their history about the drug abuse. Immunoassays are tests based upon the ability of the antibody to bind with the drug of abuse Feldkamp A qualitative, rapid test includes large-scale screening. The main disadvantage is that false positive results may occur Wu and Moller et al. When a difference was detected between the history and the test, a confirmatory test using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC was used. The kits can assess amphetamine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methadone, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymet-amphetamine, morphine, opiates, phencyclidine, tricyclic Antidepressant, and tramadol. Table 2 shows sociodemographic characteristics of the studied patients and its relation with violence induced in the period of addiction. Regarding sex differences, a high significance was detected between both male and female genders where addiction was most prominent in Upper Egypt male patients than female patients. Educational level showed no significant difference among those who received university degree or those who were illiterate. Concerning marital status, occupation, and shisha smoking, no significant difference was observed. Most of the patients used multiple drugs, followed by addiction to tramadol, a synthetic opioid that appeared in Egypt primarily as a drug for pain relief and later on as an addictive drug. According to the scale, the patterns of drugs used among patients were very high; the scale mean was 45 in mixed drug use. It shows highly significant difference in all types of aggression verbal aggression, physical aggression towards objects, towards self, and towards others , after addiction if compared by the period before addiction. In Table 5 , the relation between different types of addictive drugs among patients and the type of violence according to the MOAS is demonstrated. It appeared that cannabis abuse was more related to physical self-aggression; abuse of alcohol was more related to verbal and physical aggression towards others; tramadol was related more to verbal aggression, physical aggression towards objects, and aggression towards others; heroin was related to physical aggression towards others; cocaine either powder or crack was related to aggression towards self and others; inhalants were more related with the verbal aggression and aggression towards objects and towards others; and finally, in case of mixed drugs, all types of aggression can occur. Table 6 shows the relation between drugs and the type of committed crime during the period of addiction. It appears crimes committed differ according to type of abused drug. Cannabis was mostly related to self-damage such as suicide, and tramadol was mostly related to making quarrels with friends and family as well as stealing from others to gain the drug. Cocaine and heroin were mostly related to sexual crime and selling drugs to gain money. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between type of drug abuse and type of violence, to measure the degree of violence related to each type of drug abuse, and to clarify the patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt. The sociodemographic data of abuse in Upper Egypt and its relation with violence shows male abuse was highly significant when compared with the female abuse. There is a highly significant relation between being a previous victim and long period of addiction with occurrence of violence. There is no significant difference between the abuse among those of high education and those illiterate. There was no significant difference among those married, single, or divorced; among those living in rural or urban; and among those with occupation and those without occupation. One of the main findings in this research is the change of the trends of abuse in Egypt from cannabis and its leaves bango to use the tramadol. Trends of drug abuse in Upper Egypt were cannabis mainly and its leaves Yassa et al. This is confirmed by Bassiony et al. Wide availability of tramadol, its cheap price, and media appearance as a painkiller helped to introduce it widely among Egyptians Fawzi ; Alsirafy et al. World Health Organization detects that the number of tramadol abusers is growing especially in some Middle East countries Zabihi et al. Some studies have confirmed the opioid activity of oral tramadol but conclude that tramadol has a modest abuse liability and also mild withdrawal symptoms which resemble those occurring after cessation of serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors Woody et al. A study done in China confirmed the result of this study as they concluded that tramadol has a clear risk of producing high abuse potential under the long-term infrequent abuse and high doses Zhang and Liu According to the national report in Egypt, cannabis is the mostly misused substance; in this survey, they do not ask about tramadol directly as it is considered by most of adult as an analgesic and to treat the premature ejaculation Hamdi et al. According to the Egyptian law, tramadol is prevented to be sold in the pharmacy by using the common prescription, only by special prescription, as it is an abused drug since , decision no. This study found a correlation between the violence and drug abuse. Violence is a result, and not a causative agent for addiction. The difference among the drug abuse is the type of violence. All types of violence can be found in mixed drugs addiction, self and verbal aggression is common with cannabis abuse, and aggression towards others is common in tramadol, opioids, heroin, and inhalants addiction. Auto-aggression is common in cannabis and barbiturates. Verbal aggression is common in cannabis, tramadol, and inhalants. Aggression towards objects is found in tramadol and inhalants addiction. The aggression towards others and towards objects clarifies the homicidal crimes that are committed against unknown persons. Harris and Barraclough , Borowsky et al. This idea is supported by the finding of Yassa et al. According to Ghoneim et al. Chronic exposure to thinners or inhalants produces oxidative stress in the brain and increases the free radicals process and the glutathione peroxidase activities, which affect the brain cells Burmistrov et al. Chermack et al. In contrast to this study, Gorman and White in their study prove that there are subcultural norms, which increase what is called the street behaviors. These norms lead to the criminal behaviors and addiction. However, in this study, the statistics of crime increase with the same individual after addiction if compared with the period before addiction. Nurco confirmed that in their study, they noted that the individual crime rates increase six times after addiction. This study found that there was a significant relation between the history of patients during childhood, either due to abuse or as a stress disorders. This agrees with Swogger et al. In conclusion, drug abuse is an important risk factor for all types of violence. The risk of inflicted wounds either homicide or suicide was increased in the community due to the increase in the abused drugs. Types and degree of violence differ according to the type of drug abuse. Good treatment and rehabilitation of the addicts and abusers is a step towards reducing the rate of crimes in our area and also decreasing the number of psychiatric patients. Protection of the public from those addicts can be done only by treating and re-integrating them into the community, not by avoiding them. Forensic psychiatry can develop this balance between those patients and community protection. J Opioid Manag 11 6 — Article Google Scholar. Barrett EL, Mills KL, Teesson M Hurt people who hurt people: violence amongst individuals with comorbid substance use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Addict Behav — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 41 3 — Boles S, Miotto K Substance abuse and violence: a review of the literature. Aggress Violent Behav — Pediatrics 3 — Bull Exp Biol Med — Drug Alcohol Depend 3 — Rev Latino Am Enfermagem 23 6 — Epstein DH, Preston KL, Jasinski DR Abuse liability, behavioral pharmacology, and physical-dependence potential of opioids in humans and laboratory animals: lessons from tramadol. Biol Psychol 73 1 — Fawzi MM Some medicolegal aspects concerning tramadol abuse: the new Middle East youth plague An Egyptian overview. Egypt J Forensic Sci — Federal Register FR Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs, vol 82, p Google Scholar. Feldkamp CS Immunological reactions. Mosby, St. Louis, pp — Ghoneim F, Khalaf H, Elsamanoudy A, Helaly A Effect of chronic usage of tramadol on motor cerebral cortex and testicular tissues of adult male albino rats and the effect of its withdrawal: histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 7 11 — Implications of differential association theories for crime prevention policy. In: Barlow H ed Criminology and public policy: putting theory to work. Westview Press, Boulder. Subst Abus — J Addiction Prevention. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 3 — Ilgen M The link between substance abuse, violence and suicide. Psychiatr Times 28 1 :1—7. Nature and prevalence. J Nerv Ment Dis — Eur Psychiatry — J Appl Toxicol 30 3 — Indian J Occup Environ Med 15 3 — Moberg, Hahn Adolescent drug involvement scale. J Adolesc Chem Depend — Mayo Clin Proc 83 1 — National Institute of Drug Abuse : The science of drug abuse and addiction. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Carson KV The association between tramadol hydrochloride misuse and other substances use in an adolescent population: phase I of a prospective survey. Addict Behav 39 1 — Nurco DN A long-term program of research on drug use and crime. Subst Use Misuse — Paim Kessler FH, Barbosa Terra M, Faller S et al Crack users show high rates of antisocial personality disorder, engagement in illegal activities and other psychosocial problems. Am J Addict — East Mediterr Health J 6 4 — Subst Abus 34 3 — J Med Toxicol 7 3 — Alcohol Clin Exp Res — Drug Alcohol Depend 72 2 — World Health Organization : World report on violence and health. World Health Organization a : Expert committee on drug dependence, thirty sixth meeting, Geneva June World Health Organization b : Global status report on violence prevention Wu AHB Urine adulteration before testing for drugs of abuse. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc. Hum Exp Toxicol 29 1. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 28 3 — Yassa HA Bango abuse in upper Egypt. Subst Abuse — Zhang H, Liu Z The investigation of tramadol dependence with no history of substance abuse: a cross-sectional survey of spontaneously reported cases in Guangzhou City, China. Biomed Res Int Download references. Special thanks to Assiut Hospital of Psychiatry, all staff members. They help as much as they can to facilitate our interviews with patients. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. HAY contributed in the idea of the research, made the questionnaires and ensured their validity, meet the patients, wrote the research with the statistics. STB validated the questionnaire, meet the patients, and revised the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Heba A. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. DOCX 26 kb. DOCX 21 kb. Reprints and permissions. Yassa, H. Patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt: cause or result of violence?. Egypt J Forensic Sci 9 , 14 Download citation. Received : 19 October Accepted : 06 March Published : 30 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt: cause or result of violence? Download PDF. Heba A. Abstract Background Drug abuse and violence both are dangerous phenomena in all countries. Method Three hundred patients seeking medical advice in Mental Health Hospital participated in this study. Results Patterns of drug abuse have been changed in Upper Egypt since the appearance of tramadol. Conclusion Drug abuse is a direct cause that increases the violence in the community. Background Drug abuse is a dangerous phenomenon in all countries. Materials and method Participants The study was conducted in addiction clinic, Assiut Mental Health Hospital, during the year of , after the permission of the ethical and research committee of the General Secretarial of Mental Health and Addiction was obtained. Method Sociodemographic data and history of addiction were taken using the form prepared for the study. Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics of the studied addict patients and the relation to violence within the period of addiction Full size table. Table 6 Relation between type of drug abuse and type of committed crimes Full size table. Discussion The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between type of drug abuse and type of violence, to measure the degree of violence related to each type of drug abuse, and to clarify the patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt. Conclusion In conclusion, drug abuse is an important risk factor for all types of violence. Recommendations Good treatment and rehabilitation of the addicts and abusers is a step towards reducing the rate of crimes in our area and also decreasing the number of psychiatric patients. Louis, pp — Google Scholar Ghoneim F, Khalaf H, Elsamanoudy A, Helaly A Effect of chronic usage of tramadol on motor cerebral cortex and testicular tissues of adult male albino rats and the effect of its withdrawal: histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Assiut Hospital of Psychiatry, all staff members. Funding The research had no fund from any agency. Availability of data and materials Please contact author for data requests. Badea Authors Heba A. Yassa View author publications. View author publications. Consent from patients also taken before the beginning of the research. Consent for publication The research paper did not contain any videos or personal data. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Additional files. Additional file 3: Annex 3 : Questionnaire for drug abuse and crime relation. DOCX 24 kb. About this article. Cite this article Yassa, H. Copy to clipboard.
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Metrics details. The problem of substance use is becoming one of the most serious and rapidly growing phenomena all over the world. Efficient and well-designed prevalence studies for mental illnesses including substance use problems need to be regularly updated, in order to rearrange the prevention and management plans on a scientific basis. The aim of the study is to detect the prevalence of substance use and dependence among secondary school students, as they are one of the high-risk populations for drug use, targeting a representative sample of 10, of students. After the exclusion of nicotine, benzodiazepines was the commonest substance abused 5. The prevalence of the regular use of any substance was 1. The prevalence of intake, regular use, and dependence were all higher among males. The results of this study attract attention towards the substance abuse problem among adolescents in Egypt. Tobacco is the most commonly used substance followed by benzodiazepines which seemed to be used on a regular basis. Alcohol, organic solvents, and cannabis are also commonly used. Preventive services should be directed towards youth to combat these phenomena. Adolescent substance use and misuse are serious issues that contribute to significant medical, psychological, and legal consequences later in life \[ 1 \]. In , nearly half of the US high school seniors admitted using an illicit drug excluding alcohol or tobacco in their lifetime. Cannabis has been the most commonly used by adolescents, and its rates are increasing significantly since Substance use disorder rates among adolescents can be less straightforward than use statistics, as diagnostic criteria and differences in shared nomenclature can make large-scale tracking of diagnosis difficult, especially since adolescents are often diagnosed using dependence and problematic use criteria developed for an adult population. A few decades ago, in Egypt, a series of epidemiological studies on psychoactive drug use were conducted. Those concerned with secondary school students revealed 5. In most studies, the majority of the substance users were males, e. The rates of substance use are increasing markedly with time. The group of young adults was the most represented age group among substance users, i. Sporadic studies were performed in Egypt governorates and stated the frequencies and percentages of substance use among young people. However, the samples of these studies were not representative of the general population. In Cairo, Sadek et al. While 0. In more recent studies, Zaky et al. A study of substance misuse among preparatory and secondary school students in Assiut Governorate detected the percentage of substance use disorders to be Nicotine was the most frequently used substance Occasional and recreational use of drugs was higher The current study aims to reveal the prevalence of substance use and dependence among secondary school students in Egypt. It is meant to describe the true magnitude of the substance abuse problem among Egyptian adolescents, taking into consideration that Egypt has the 16th largest population over the world, the largest Mediterranean population, and the largest Arab population. Thus, the geographical regions of the study were selected accordingly to be Cairo, the capital; the Assiut governorate in the region of Upper Egypt, and Al-Menoufiya Governorate in the region of Lower Egypt Delta. The sample selection was prepared by a committee of experts in statistics and community medicine. They chose three governorates, each representing an Egyptian geographical region. A computer-generated random school selection system was used to include a proportionate sample of schools according to type and gender. In each school, systematic random sampling was followed to select different classes in each school. All students in the selected classes were interviewed apart from refusals. A representative sample of the study population was selected from the schools of these governorates. A total number of classes with an average of 13, students were targeted in the selected schools during the period between April 3, , and April 24, From Cairo the capital , 61 schools were selected 27 general schools, 25 technical schools, and 9 Azhari schools. From Assiut, 34 schools were selected 6 general schools, 22 technical schools, and 6 Azhari schools. And from Al-Menoufiya, 34 schools were selected 8 general schools, 20 technical schools, and 6 Azhari schools. These numbers were arranged to be a representative of the distribution of the population in the designated regions. The questionnaire was prepared by a team of experts in psychiatry, public health, and education. It included questions about socio-demographic details age, gender, residence, work , questions about family education, work and marital status of the parents, etc. The language, understandability, and applicability were tested during the pilot study, and a few modifications were performed accordingly. The pilot study was conducted in one of the targeted schools in April The applicability of the questionnaire was tested. Confusing questions were removed. Questions about different levels of prevalence were rearranged and clarified. The sample of the main study was decided to be at least 11, representative students and to yield valid prevalence rates. Data collection was performed over a 3-week duration from April 3 to April 24, After getting the informed consents from the caregivers, the students in the selected classes were asked to fill in the questionnaires without writing their names or their school names. A total number of 13, students were approached. On the day of the study, students were absent, students reported the refusals of their caregivers to participate in the study, and questionnaires were totally unfit for the statistical analysis mostly due to inadequate information. The students were chosen from three governorates representing the three major regions of the Egyptian territories: Cairo, the capital They also represent the different Egyptian subcultures, i. A percentage of The data about family structure showed that the majority of students live within small nuclear families Family history of substance use reached relatively high levels of nicotine whether cigarettes, water pipe, or e-cigarettes. Female students had a higher family history of cannabis and benzodiazepine use. Cannabis was the most frequently used substance by the families of both male and female students Table 1. The prevalence was higher among males than among females Fig. After the exclusion of nicotine, the most frequently used substance during lifetime was benzodiazepines 5. The most used substance during the last month was found to be organic solvents 1. Ecstasy was found to be a more popular stimulant than cocaine among young people with lifetime prevalence 2. Figures 3 , 4 , and 5 show gender difference in the prevalence of tranquilizer BDZ use, alcohol use, and cannabis use. Among secondary school students, 3. The prevalence of the regular use of any substance excluding nicotine was 1. Less rates of dependence were detected in Upper Egypt than in Cairo and Delta. The age of adolescence is a challenging time. During these ages, youths are making a series of cognitive, biological, psychological, and physiological transitions. They are in a period where they are trying to find their own identity, looking for peer acceptance, and deal with problems or perform well in school \[ 18 \]. This makes them more prone to experiment with substances and engage in other harmful behaviors \[ 19 \]; thus, a plan for prevention should take the adolescents into consideration. In a Third World country, it is a clearly organized population, in terms of geographical distribution, registration, documentation, and caregiver consent. These reasons helped the authors to focus on secondary school students as a target population for the present research. Generally, the prevalence studies require high standards of representativeness. Being a sensitive stigmatizing issue, the declaration of using a substance of abuse was encouraged by the structure, the design of the questionnaire, the variable ways of asking repeated questions about substance use in a clear but sensitive manner, and the highest possible confidentiality measures. In the absence of selection bias, the female preponderance in the sample Otherwise, a higher representation of female students in the sample may be attributed to the tendency of the male students to absenteeism from school whether for work or for leisure activities. Males are more frequently involved in child labor activities than their female colleagues. The findings point to a percentage of This may invite more research about the attitude towards addiction, the perceived dangerousness of substance use, and their relations to the gender and the family history. In the current study, less rates of dependence are detected in Upper Egypt than in Cairo and Delta. Other studies give conflicting results about the regional distribution of substance use: The last national Egyptian map — showed similar results as regards the prevalence of dependence syndrome: Al-menoufiya 9. The lifetime prevalence of use of benzodiazepines, e. The male use was exceeding the female use, dissonant to the literature stating a female tendency to sleeping pill addiction. Interestingly, the last year and the last month prevalence are quite the same 1. These findings may be denoting the high levels of anxiety in this special population. In the USA, non-medical prescription drug use among youths aged 12—17 is 2. In the current study, the lifetime prevalence of alcohol use among students was 3. However, the last month prevalence 1. It is obviously observed that other Arab countries had a much lower prevalence of alcohol use than European countries, which can be explained by the cultural and religious differences as alcohol is prohibited by the Islamic religion. Organic solvents are relatively common in the Egyptian market. It was found to be one of the most common substances used by adolescents of the present study during lifetime 3. These findings can be attributed to the availability, cheap price, and easy accessibility of organic solvents to this age group. Expectedly, cannabis natural and synthetic was one of the most commonly used substances among the students in the last year 2. In this survey, 6. It is obvious that the rates of substance abuse increase by age; thus, preventive services should be mainly directed towards youth in order to combat these phenomena. The results of this study attract scientific attention towards the real status of substance abuse problems among adolescents in Egypt. Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among secondary school students followed by benzodiazepines which seemed to be used on a regular basis. Alcohol, organic solvents, and cannabis are also commonly used by this population. Although Egypt had the lowest prevalence rates of abuse of these substances among the Mediterranean counties except for benzodiazepines , preventive measures should be targeting this specific population as the prevalence of substance abuse increases dramatically in the older population. Gullone E, Moore S Adolescent risk-taking and the five-factor model of personality. J Adolesc 23 4 — Google Scholar. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Egyptian J Psychiatry — Drug Alcohol Depend — J Addict Prev 4 1 1—8. Egypt J Commun Med MD thesis. Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University. Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University. Fawzy M, Hassan W, Elbeh K Prevalence study of psychoactive substance use disorders among students of preparatory and secondary schools in Assiut governorate. Faculty of medicine, Assiut University. Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University. Psychology vol 3 8 — Article Google Scholar. Pompili M Substance abuse and suicide risk among adolescents. Eur Psychiatry J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 20 3 — Download references. Menan Rabie, Nermin M. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. MR participated in all steps of the study and is the main study coordinator. NMS collected the relevant information, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript. EG and ME participated in the preparation of the questionnaire, fieldwork, and data collection. DI participated in designing the study. ME and AL designed the sample and statistical analysis of the collected data. NS and WK participated in the study design and fieldwork. RM supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Nermin M. A written informed consent was obtained from all the participants after the explanation of the procedures and the objectives of the study. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Rabie, M. Prevalence updates of substance use among Egyptian adolescents. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 27 , 4 Download citation. Received : 26 September Accepted : 18 December Published : 05 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background The problem of substance use is becoming one of the most serious and rapidly growing phenomena all over the world. Conclusion The results of this study attract attention towards the substance abuse problem among adolescents in Egypt. Background Adolescent substance use and misuse are serious issues that contribute to significant medical, psychological, and legal consequences later in life \[ 1 \]. Designing the questionnaire The questionnaire was prepared by a team of experts in psychiatry, public health, and education. Pilot study The pilot study was conducted in one of the targeted schools in April Study proper Data collection was performed over a 3-week duration from April 3 to April 24, Results A total number of 13, students were approached. Table 1 The family history of Substance use Full size table. Table 2 The prevalence of substance use self-reported by the students Full size table. Frequency of tobacco use according to gender. Full size image. Discussion The age of adolescence is a challenging time. Conclusion The results of this study attract scientific attention towards the real status of substance abuse problems among adolescents in Egypt. Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University Fawzy M, Hassan W, Elbeh K Prevalence study of psychoactive substance use disorders among students of preparatory and secondary schools in Assiut governorate. View author publications. Consent for publication No personal data included in the questionnaire. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. About this article. Cite this article Rabie, M. Copy to clipboard.
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