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ASN.1 key structures in DER and PEM
Everybody loves PEM and the very documented ASN.1 structures that are used in saving cryptographic keys and certificates in a portable format. Well.. Everybody would if they would actually be documented. But it is rather a big feat to find what the structure is inside each DER or PEM formatted file.
As we need this information, we will share it here as well, to help others in their quest for knowledge and understanding ;)
Within the RSA, PKCS#1 and SSL/TLS communities the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) encoding of ASN.1 is used to represent keys, certificates and such in a portable format. Although ASN.1 is not the easiest to understand representation formats and brings a lot of complexity, it does have its merits. The certificate or key information is stored in the binary DER for ASN.1 and applications providing RSA, SSL and TLS should handle DER encoding to read in the information.
Because DER encoding results in a truly binary representation of the encoded data, a format has been devised for being able to send these in an encoding of printable characters so you can actually mail these things. The format I focus on now is the PEM format.
Most PEM formatted files we will see are generated by OpenSSL when generating or exporting an RSA private or public key and X509 certificates.
In essence PEM files are just base64 encoded versions of the DER encoded data. In order to distinguish from the outside what kind of data is inside the DER encoded string, a header and footer are present around the data. An example of a PEM encoded file is:
The first and last line indicate the DER format that should be expected inside. The data inside is a base64 encoded version of the DER encoded information.
So that's all nice and well. But what IS the structure you should expect in each different file? Look below for explanation of different formats.
The RSA Public key PEM file is specific for RSA keys.
Within the base64 encoded data the following DER structure is present:
Because RSA is not used exclusively inside X509 and SSL/TLS, a more generic key format is available in the form of PKCS#8, that identifies the type of public key and contains the relevant data.
Within the base64 encoded data the following DER structure is present:
So for an RSA public key, the OID is 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 and there is a RSAPublicKey as the PublicKey key data bitstring.
The RSA private key PEM file is specific for RSA keys.
Within the base64 encoded data the following DER structure is present:
Because RSA is not used exclusively inside X509 and SSL/TLS, a more generic key format is available in the form of PKCS#8, that identifies the type of private key and contains the relevant data.
The unencrypted PKCS#8 encoded data starts and ends with the tags:
Within the base64 encoded data the following DER structure is present:
So for an RSA private key, the OID is 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 and there is a RSAPrivateKey as the PrivateKey key data octet string.
The encrypted PKCS#8 encoded data start and ends with the tags:
Within the base64 encoded data the following DER structure is present:
The EncryptedData OCTET STRING is a PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo (see above).
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Asn1 Private Key Search
