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Black attacks on Asians: racism or opportunity?
Nanette Asimov,ย Chronicle Staff Writer
May 2, 2010Updated: Feb. 10, 2012 10:09ย p.m.
Walking to a convenience store in San Francisco's Visitacion Valley last fall, Rongshi Chen eyed a pair of young black men coming his way. With no warning, the men grabbed the 64-year-old, lifted him and threw him onto the concrete. They kicked his ribs, broke his collarbone and made off with $200, credit cards and Chen's identification.
No one caught the attackers. Seven months later, Chen still suffers effects of the attack.
He's not alone. At least four high-profile attacks involving blacks and Asians have occurred since January in San Francisco and Oakland, including the beating death of Tian Sheng Yu, 59, last month. Two 18-year-old men have been charged with murder.
Now Chen and his family have joined a chorus of voices in the Bay Area saying that the increasingly visible and deadly incidents of black-on-Asian violence are racially motivated.
"I don't like to say this is race discrimination, but I have to say it!!!" Rongshi Chen's daughter-in-law, Si Chen, wrote in an e-mail.
Others - including the police chiefs of San Francisco and Oakland - are just as emphatic that the problem is not hatred of Asian Americans, but a hazardous collision between angry young men and a vulnerable population with cash in their pockets.
Those groups often live side by side in low-income neighborhoods, yet know little about each other, rarely talk, and almost never mix, say members of both communities.
"We live in one of the most liberal areas of the country, but this is one of the most segregated cities I've ever seen," said Chris Jackson, a San Francisco City College trustee who is African American.
It's a story of mutual suspicion and competition - and periods of cooperation - that dates to the Civil War.
Examples of harmony between the two communities certainly exist. Last Sunday, Chinese American mourners accompanied Yu's widow, Zhi Rui Wang, to the African American Allen Temple Baptist Church in Oakland in a show of unity.
When the pastor called for all crime victims to stand, dozens of worshipers rose in poignant testimony to the idea that violence is colorblind.
Though her husband was slain, and her son, Jin Cheng Yu, was beaten by black youths in Oakland, "Mrs. Yu has made the effort to reach out, and African Americans have been reaching out," said Oakland Councilwoman Jean Quan, who was at the church.
History also reveals parallels between the two historically oppressed groups.
"The civil rights movement was led by African Americans, and we have benefited a tremendous amount from that," said Yvonne Lee, who served on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in the 1990s and on the San Francisco Police Commission.
Yet a deep cultural rift between Asian Americans and African Americans also has led to violence, most infamously in Los Angeles on March 16, 1991.
A 15-year-old black student named Latasha Harlins walked into a Korean grocery store that day and dropped some orange juice into her backpack. She turned to pay for the juice, $2 in hand. But store owner Soon Ja Du assumed Latasha was stealing and grabbed her. They scuffled, and Du threw a stool at her. Latasha tossed the juice onto the counter and turned to leave. Du shot her in the back of the head, killing her.
"Racism is central to (black and Asian) history and to our understanding of racial conflict and violence, whether an incident is Chinese against blacks or vice versa," said Ling-Chi Wang, retired professor of ethnic studies at UC Berkeley.
As far back as the Civil War, he said, white plantation owners pit blacks and Chinese Americans against each other. Fearing that newly freed blacks would abandon the fields, whites recruited Chinese immigrants to take their place.
"The whole purpose was to break the back of the emancipated slaves," Wang said.
It nearly worked. But the Chinese didn't like Southern working conditions any more than black people did. So they opened grocery stores instead and catered to blacks.
During World War II, when the United States and China were allied against the Japanese, "Chinese became honorary whites," Wang said, even as Japanese Americans were herded into camps and blacks remained segregated in the military.
San Francisco became the stage for anger between blacks and Chinese Americans during the 1970s, as the NAACP pushed to desegregate schools.
In one violent example at Galileo High near Fisherman's Wharf, tensions were so high between the majority Chinese Americans and black students bused in from southeast neighborhoods that each group came and went by different doors.
Then, on Oct. 8, 1974, almost two dozen Chinese American students attacked a black student with clubs. Someone shot a Chinese American boy. Long butcher knifes littered the courtyard.
Whites fled for the suburbs. But that wasn't an option for many Chinese Americans, who couldn't afford - or didn't want - to leave Chinatown. Many of those families actually seceded from the school district to form "Freedom Schools" limited to their own children.
Court-ordered desegregation governed San Francisco school enrollment for almost two decades, until a lawsuit by Chinese Americans ended the practice in 1999.
Today, schools across the Bay Area are largely resegregated, as enrollment mimics housing patterns. But in pockets of Oakland, and in San Francisco's relatively affordable Bayview and Visitacion Valley, black and Chinese American families live side by side.
"They are two disadvantaged groups in a very fragile situation," said Lee, the former civil rights commissioner.
Police are offering a $100,000 reward for the capture of the youths who punched and kicked 83-year-old Huan Chen on Jan. 24 at a bus stop on Third Street and Oakdale Avenue. He died on March 19.
Three days after his death, at the same corner, a 15-year-old boy allegedly threw a 52-year-old woman identified only as Mrs. Cheng off a Muni platform. She survived.
Other tragic stories abound. But it's not clear that race is the reason.
"I live in a community where young African American men shoot other African Americans," said Angelo King of San Francisco, director of the Bayview's Neighborhood Jobs Initiative. "These young men are thugs. The same kinds of people who would attack an old person would probably attack one of their own. They aren't simply targeting Asian folks. They're looking for easy victims."
Like Huan Chen, who died, and Rongshi Chen, who was beaten and robbed, many Asian Americans are just that: "Really vulnerable," said Marlene Tran, spokeswoman for the Visitacion Valley Asian Alliance.
They speak little English. They work in restaurant or hotel jobs that require them to be out late at night. And they often travel by public transportation.
San Francisco Police Chief George Gascรณn also downplayed race as the motive.
"Statistically speaking ... the information doesn't necessarily support that," he said. "We have incidents of victimization within the Chinese community that are proportional to the size of the population."
San Francisco police could provide no assault statistics to back up the assertion.
Oakland police say they've heard no hate speech from the two black teenagers arrested in the Yu case.
"It's very rare for hate crimes to take place in Oakland," Deputy Chief Jeffrey Israel told a standing-room-only crowd of Asian Americans who gathered Wednesday night at a Chinatown restaurant in Oakland.
Oakland police said Asian Americans - 15.6 percent of the population, according to recent census data - were victims in only a small percentage of aggravated assaults last year (5.3 percent) and robberies (18 percent) as a proportion of their population in the city.
In addition, Asian Americans acknowledge that many victims fail to report crimes because they are ashamed or afraid.
But anecdotally, hate crimes are exactly what the attacks appear to be.
"Of course this is against Asian Americans! Statistics can be manipulated. People are afraid to talk about race," Young Kong shouted into the microphone at the Peony Restaurant.
He was among dozens of residents who told Oakland Police Chief Anthony Batts and a panel of officers how they had been mugged or beaten by black youths, and that they were afraid. Most testified in Chinese with translators. Many spoke through tears.
A similar scene played out Tuesday in San Francisco, as hundreds of Asian Americans showed up to tell the Board of Supervisors their stories of being attacked, and to rally against violence.
Si Chen talked about Rongshi Chen's beating and objected, for the record, that police put her father-in-law's case on inactive status.
In an interview by e-mail, which she said was easier than speaking English, Si Chen acknowledged that she did not actually know any black people.
Asked what the solution to the violence might be, Chen was certain:
"To be good parents. Family responsibility!!! School responsibility!!!"
Bay Area: Chronicle columnist C.W. Nevius on S.F.'s "dirty little secret" - the targeting of Asian residents for robbery and intimidation. C1
Nanette covers California's public universities - the University of California and California State University - as well as community colleges and private universities. She's written about sexual misconduct at UC and Stanford, the precarious state of accreditation at City College of San Francisco, and what happens when the UC Berkeley student government discovers a gay rights opponent in its midst. She has exposed a private art college where students rack up massive levels of debt (one student's topped $400k), and covered audits peering into UC finances, education lawsuits and countless student protests.

But writing about higher education also means getting a look at the brainy creations of students and faculty: Robotic suits that help paralyzed people walk. Online collections of folk songs going back hundreds of years. And innovations touching on everything from virtual reality to baseball.

Nanette is also covering the COVID-19 pandemic and served as health editor during the first six months of the crisis, which quickly ended her brief tenure as interim investigations editor.

Previously, Nanette covered K-12 education. Her stories led to changes in charter school laws, prompted a ban on Scientology in California public schools, and exposed cheating and censorship in testing.

A past president of the Society of Professional Journalists' Northern California chapter, Nanette has a master's degree in journalism from Columbia University and a B.A. in sociology from Queens College. She speaks English and Spanish.
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This article is about people of Asian and African admixture. For South Asians of African descent, see Afro-Asians in South Asia.
Afro-Asians, African Asians or simply Black Asians, often referred to as Blasians, are persons of mixed Asian and African ancestry.[1] Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalised as a result of human migration and social conflict.[2]
During the 1970s, an increased demand for copper and cobalt attracted Japanese investments in the mineral-rich southeastern region of Katanga Province. Over a 10-year period, more than 1,000 Japanese miners relocated to the region, confined to a strictly male-only camp. Arriving without family or spouses, the men often sought social interaction outside the confines of their camps. In search of intimacy with the opposite sex, resulting in cohabitation, the men openly engaged in interracial dating and relationships, a practice embraced by the local society. As a result, a number of Japanese miners fathered children with native Congolese women. However, most of the mixed race infants resulting from these unions died, soon after birth. Multiple testimonies of local people suggest that the infants were poisoned by a Japanese lead physician and nurse working at the local mining hospital. Subsequently, the circumstances would have brought the miners shame as most of them already had families back in their native Japan. The practice forced many native Katangan mothers to hide their children by not reporting to the hospital to give birth.
Today, fifty Afro-Japanese have formed an association of Katanga Infanticide survivors. The organization has hired legal counsel seeking a formal investigation into the killings. The group submitted an official inquiry to both the Congolese and Japanese governments, to no avail. Issues specific to this group include having no documentation of their births since not having been born in the local hospital spared their lives. The total number of survivors is unknown.[Africa-Congo 1]
The mid-19th century saw about 500 Chinese laborers and indentured servants, along with a handful from India stealthily imported to the island of Fernando Po through the once Portuguese owned Macau.[Africa-EQ 1] While most of these servants returned to their homelands at the end of their servitude, a few remained, settling and marrying into the local population. One example is immigrant East Indian laborer Francisco Kashu Alimama who remained in Moka after the death of his last living relative. He married the daughter of one of the last Bubi kings, producing several Indo-Equatoguinean children.
In 1999, Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times reported a surprising encounter on the island of Pate, where he found a village of stone huts. He talked to an elderly man living in the village who said that he was a descendant of Chinese explorers who were shipwrecked there centuries before. The Chinese had supposedly traded with the locals and had even loaded giraffes onto their ship to take back to China. However, the Chinese ran aground on a nearby reef. Kristof found evidence that confirmed the man's story. Such evidence included the Asian features of the people in the village, plus Asian-looking porcelain artifacts.[Africa-Kenya 1][Africa-Kenya 2] These descendants of Zheng He's fleet occupy both Pate and Lamu Islands. Around 400 survivors of these 20 shipwrecked Chinese sailors settled and married with local women.[3]
New interest in Kenya's natural resources has attracted over $1 billion of investment from Chinese firms. This has propelled new development in Kenya's infrastructure with Chinese firms bringing in their own male workers to build roads.[Africa-Kenya 3] The temporary residents usually arrive without their spouses and families. Thus, a rise of incidents involving local college-aged females has resulted in an increased rate of Afro-Chinese infant births to single Kenyan mothers.[Africa-Kenya 4]
In Kenya there's worrying trend of the following influx of Chinese male workers in Kenya with a growing number of abandoned babies of Chinese men who fathered children with local women.[4]
The population of Madagascar is primarily a mixture of various degrees of Austronesian and Bantu settlers from Southeast Asia (Borneo) and Southeast Africa (primarily Mozambique), respectively. Years of intermarriages created the Malagasy people. They primarily speak Malagasy, an Austronesian language with some Bantu influences.
In the study of "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages" shows the Bantu maternal origin to be 38% and Paternal 51% while the Southeast Asian paternal to be 34% and maternal 62%.[Africa-Madagascar 1] In the study of Malagasy, autosomal DNA shows the highlanders ethnic group like Merina are almost an even mixture of Southeast Asian and Bantu origin, while the coastal ethnic group have much higher Bantu mixture in their autosomal DNA suggesting they are mixture of new Bantu migrants and the already established highlander ethnic group. Maximum-likelihood estimates favour a scenario in which Madagascar was settled approximately 1,200 years ago by a very small group of women of approximately 30.[Africa-Madagascar 2] The Malagasy people existed through intermarriages between the small founding population.
Intermarriage between native Malagasy women and Chinese men were not uncommon.[Africa-Madagascar 3] Several thousand Cantonese men intermarried and cohabited with Malagasy women. 98% of the Chinese traced their origin from Guangdong, specifically the Cantonese district of Shunde. For example, the census alone in 1954 census found 1,111 "irregular" Chinese-Malagasy unions and 125 legitimate, i.e., legally married, partnerships. Most offspring were registered by their mothers under a Malagasy name.
Approximately 68% of the population is of Indian origin. About 25% of the population is Creole (of mixed French and African descent) and there are small numbers of people of Franco-Mauritian and Chinese descent.
Since the 1970s, Nigeria has seen a slow, but steady, increase in the immigrant Filipino population drawn by the oil industry. Established in 1973, the Philippine Barangay Society of Nigeria addresses issues specific to over 1,700 Nigerized Filipinos living in the country. This acculturation has resulted in a small but growing, number of biracial Nigerian Filipinos births. Most of these children are parented by Filipino mothers and Nigerian fathers.[Africa-Nigeria 1]
The native Kaf population has a diverse range of ancestry stemming from colonial Indian and Chinese peoples. They also descend from African slaves brought from countries like Mozambique, Guinea, Senegal, Madagascar, Tanzania and Zambia to the island.
Most population of Rรฉunion Creoles who are of mixed ancestry and make up the majority of the population. Interracial marriages between Europ
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