Asia Hole

Asia Hole

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использует защитную технологию, которая является устаревшей и уязвимой для атаки. Злоумышленник может легко выявить информацию, которая, как вы думали, находится в безопасности.

Images, data, and information for atmospheric ozone

NASA Official:

Paul A. Newman

Curator:

Eric R. Nash (SSAI)

Page Last Updated: 2018-10-18

Privacy Policy & Important Notices

Disclaimers

Please credit all material to “NASA Ozone Watch”
unless otherwise noted.

The ozone hole is not technically a “hole” where
no ozone is present, but is actually a region of
exceptionally depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the
Antarctic that happens at the beginning of Southern
Hemisphere spring (August–October). Satellite
instruments provide us with daily images of ozone over the
Antarctic region. The ozone hole image below shows the very
low values (blue and purple colored area) centered over
Antarctica on 4 October 2004. From the historical record
we know that total column ozone values of less than 220
Dobson Units were not observed prior to 1979. From an
aircraft field mission over Antarctica we also know that
a total column ozone level of less than 220 Dobson Units is a
result of catalyzed ozone loss from chlorine and bromine
compounds. For these reasons, we use 220 Dobson Units as the
boundary of the region representing ozone loss. Using the
daily snapshots of total column ozone, we can calculate the
area on the Earth that is enclosed by a line with values of 220
Dobson Units (the white line in the figure below).

The ozone hole is the region over Antarctica with total
ozone of 220 Dobson Units or lower. This map shows the ozone
hole on October 4, 2004. The data were acquired by the

Ozone Monitoring Instrument

on NASA’s

Aura

satellite.

Many people have heard that the ozone hole is caused by
chemicals called CFCs, short for chlorofluorocarbons. CFCs
escape into the atmosphere from refrigeration and propellant
devices and processes. In the lower atmosphere, they are
so stable that they persist for years, even decades. This
long lifetime allows some of the CFCs to eventually reach
the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, ultraviolet light
breaks the bond holding chlorine atoms (Cl) to the CFC
molecule. A free chlorine atom goes on to participate in a
series of chemical reactions that both destroy ozone and
return the free chlorine atom to the atmosphere unchanged,
where it can destroy more and more ozone molecules. For
those who know the story of CFCs and ozone, that is the part
of the tale that is probably familiar.

The part of the story that fewer people know is that while
the chlorine atoms freed from CFCs do ultimately destroy
ozone, the destruction doesn’t happen immediately.
Most of the roaming chlorine that gets separated from CFCs
actually becomes part of two chemicals that—under
normal atmospheric conditions—are so stable
that scientists consider them to be long-term reservoirs for
chlorine. So how does the chlorine get out of the reservoir
each spring?

Under normal atmospheric conditions, the two chemicals that
store most atmospheric chlorine (hydrochloric acid, and
chlorine nitrate) are stable. But in the long months of
polar darkness over Antarctica in the winter, atmospheric
conditions are unusual. An endlessly circling whirlpool of
stratospheric winds called the polar vortex isolates the air
in the center. Because it is completely dark, the air in the
vortex gets so cold that clouds form, even though the
Antarctic air is extremely thin and dry. Chemical reactions
take place that could not take place anywhere else in the
atmosphere. These unusual reactions can occur only on the
surface of polar stratospheric cloud particles, which may be
water, ice, or nitric acid, depending on the temperature.

The frozen crystals that make up polar stratospheric clouds
provide a surface for the reactions that free chlorine
atoms in the Antarctic stratosphere.

These reactions convert the inactive chlorine reservoir
chemicals into more active forms, especially chlorine gas
(Cl 2 ). When the sunlight returns to the South
Pole in October, UV light rapidly breaks the bond between
the two chlorine atoms, releasing free chlorine into the
stratosphere, where it takes part in reactions that destroy
ozone molecules while regenerating the chlorine (known as a
catalytic reaction). A catalytic reaction allows a single
chlorine atom to destroy thousands of ozone molecules.
Bromine is involved in a second catalytic reaction with
chlorine that contributes a large fraction of ozone loss.
The ozone hole grows throughout the early spring until
temperatures warm and the polar vortex weakens, ending the
isolation of the air in the polar vortex. As air from the
surrounding latitudes mixes into the polar region, the
ozone-destroying forms of chlorine disperse. The ozone layer
stabilizes until the following spring.

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Updated
2:35 PM EST, Fri November 29, 2019

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An artist's impression of the Milky Way's big black hole flinging a star from the galaxy's center.
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(Full credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/INAF/R. Gilli et al.; Radio NRAO/VLA; Optical: NASA/STScI)

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