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Outcome : A failed attempt to prepare for an Allied advance into Germany. After the port of Antwerp had been liberated in early September , Montgomery proposed a novel knockout blow. As well as bottling up Zangen's German 15th Army - which had left France ahead of the Allied advance and taken up positions in Belgium - this would enable the British to attack the Ruhr from the north. This km 60 mile advance would only be possible if the bridges over all three rivers were secured beforehand. The operation required concentrated effort, the co ordination of land and airborne forces and a fair degree of luck. Receiving his orders from Montgomery, Lieutenant General Frederick Browning of the 1st Airborne Corps famously remarked that 'we might be going a bridge too far'. The operation was launched on 17 September under Lieutenant General Lewis Brereton's overall command. It was spearheaded by three separate aerial landings, the largest airborne offensive in military history. The US 82nd and st Airborne Divisions landed north and south of the Meuse, aiming to secure the crossings of the Meuse and Waal as well as the road south into Belgium. Meanwhile, the British 1st Parachute Division dropped 10km six miles west of Arnhem, aiming to secure the road bridge in Arnhem and the rail bridge to the west of the town. The operation called for the British paratroops to hold their positions for two days, after which time 30th Corps would relieve them. The Allies believed that German defences in the area were relatively poor. The Germans began to send the plan off course at Nijmegen; 82nd Airborne could not take the town and the river crossing until the advancing 30th Corps arrived. By now, however, it was 21 September; the Germans had had ample opportunity to regroup between Nijmegen and Arnhem. In Arnhem itself the situation was worse still. The rail bridge had been blown; 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment held the north side of the road bridge, completely surrounded by enemy forces, until they were overwhelmed on 20 September. The bulk of the paratroops were bottled up west of the town. A landing by 1st Polish Airborne Brigade, planned for 19 September, was only achieved on 21 September - too late to affect the outcome of the operation. On the night of 25 September, perhaps a quarter of the 10, paratroops who had landed managed to withdraw across the river. Market-Garden exhibited tactical audacity and outstanding feats of courage; the outcome, however, can only be called a failure. Find out more about the authors who wrote them. Most of the content on this site is created by our users, who are members of the public. The views expressed are theirs and unless specifically stated are not those of the BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of any external sites referenced. Home Explore the BBC. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Find out more about page archiving. Explore the archive. Explore the BBC. Contact Us. As he later recalled, 'I was expounding the doctrine of the single punch against an enemy who was now weak on his pins.

Fact File : Market-Garden

Arnhem buying blow

An employee of a weed dispensary in the Dutch city of Maastricht approaches three nervous tourists with a routine question. They seem to be on their first visit. After the security guard looks at the letter, the first guy is allowed in: he was able to prove that he lives in the Netherlands and is above 18 years of age. The confusion is understandable. The rule was implemented on a national level in after a local issue turned into an international controversy. Maastricht is located in the southernmost tip of the Netherlands. To the west, the city borders Flemish-speaking Belgium, while Germany, France and Luxembourg are all within driving distance. Maastricht is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands, which is partly why so many tourists are attracted to it. Residents of neighbourhoods where dispensaries are located had trouble finding parking and were exasperated because there was always trouble of some sort — mostly caused by dealers who hung out on the surrounding blocks. A solution was floated: what if the weed dispensaries were moved outside of the city centre? Maastricht was going to export their policy of drug tolerance to neighbouring counties, and we were not interested in that. Vos banded together with two other Belgian counties and one Dutch-allied town. Together, they sued to stop the Maastricht Coffee Corner from ever seeing the light of day. This turned a local tiff between neighbouring counties into an international issue. The Dutch authorities were embarrassed when they had to face their Belgian counterparts in Brussels, who had never been too positive about the liberal drug policies in the Netherlands to begin with. The Dutch government is highly sensitive — if not outright allergic — to international criticism of its drug policy, which is made up of compromise upon compromise. The Dutch Secretary of Justice at the time called Mayor Leers to ask about another possible plan: a special pass to visit coffeeshops, which only permitted access to people who had signed up and were registered. The pass would end the anonymity associated with coffeeshops, but would at least keep drug tourists out. On the 1st of May, , the southern border provinces of Zeeland, Brabant and Limburg kicked off the trial. Within a day, I went from hundreds of customers to only three. Both locals and tourists were avoiding coffeeshops, which opened up a new market for drug dealers. Before long, hash, cocaine, weed and pills were available on street corners in Brabant and Limburg. Locals, international students and expats were welcome, while tourists would be banned. A trial run of this new idea would start in towns along the border, and afterwards the new policy was to be rolled out nationwide. Meanwhile, international media reported that Amsterdam would soon be shutting the doors of its famous coffeeshops to tourists — just like the government had planned. However, it never got to that point, because Eberhard van der Laan, then-mayor of Amsterdam, made a deal with the Secretary of Justice. In return, dozens of coffeeshops near schools were closed, to prove the mayor was taking issues around drugs seriously. Belgian Mayor Vos was very happy with the outcome. The policy of tolerance has failed. In Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Groningen, tourists are welcome, while in Brabant and Limburg the rules differ in every town. Sittard, in Limburg, for instance, decided for a while to allow everyone, but when it was hit by a wave of tourists trying to evade the more restrictive policy in Maastricht, Sittard decided to follow suit. In the more liberal towns of Eindhoven and Tilburg, city councils decided to welcome back tourists. Certain towns complain that the i-criterium still drives tourists into the arms of street dealers. We see a lot less drug runners, and we can now put our police force to work to catch drug users and dealers in our own towns. The lawsuit that put the problem on the national agenda was lost by the Belgian towns in ; the judge declared the complaint inadmissible, because the problem was local to Maastricht. After years of deliberating, the current government has reached a new compromise: an experiment with legal weed will have a soft launch in ten municipalities. Keeping tourists out is already an integral part of the new concept law. Read more stories from VICE. By Katie Way. By Gwen van der Zwan. By Arman Khan. By Nana Baah. Share: X Facebook Share Copied to clipboard. Videos by VICE. How Will Weed Couriers Adapt?

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