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Using JavaScript, it is possible to dynamically change parts of a page without requiring the entire page to reload — for instance, to update a list of search results on the fly, or to display a discreet alert or notification which does not require user interaction. While these changes are usually visually apparent to users who can see the page, they may not be obvious to users of assistive technologies. ARIA live regions fill this gap and provide a way to programmatically expose dynamic content changes in a way that can be announced by assistive technologies.
Note: Assistive technologies will announce dynamic changes in the content of a live region.
Including an aria-live attribute or a specialized live region role (such as role="alert") on the element you want to announce changes to works as long as you add the attribute before the changes occur — either in the original markup, or dynamically using JavaScript.
Dynamic content which updates without a page reload is generally either a region or a widget. Simple content changes which are not interactive should be marked as live regions. A live region is explicitly denoted using the aria-live attribute.
aria-live: The aria-live=POLITENESS_SETTING is used to set the priority with which screen reader should treat updates to live regions - the possible settings are: off, polite or assertive. The default setting is off. This attribute is by far the most important.
Normally, only aria-live="polite" is used. Any region which receives updates that are important for the user to receive, but not so rapid as to be annoying, should receive this attribute. The screen reader will speak changes whenever the user is idle.
aria-live="assertive" should only be used for time-sensitive/critical notifications that absolutely require the user's immediate attention. Generally, a change to an assertive live region will interrupt any announcement a screen reader is currently making. As such, it can be extremely annoying and disruptive and should only be used sparingly.
As aria-live="off" is the assumed default for elements, it should not be necessary to set this explicitly, unless you're trying to suppress the announcement of elements which have an implicit live region role (such as role="alert").
A website specializing in providing information about planets provides a dropdown box. When a planet is selected from the dropdown, a region on the page is updated with information about the selected planet.
As the user selects a new planet, the information in the live region will be announced. Because the live region has aria-live="polite", the screen reader will wait until the user pauses before announcing the update. Thus, moving down in the list and selecting another planet will not announce updates in the live region. Updates in the live region will only be announced for the planet finally chosen.
Here is a screenshot of VoiceOver on Mac announcing the update (via subtitles) to the live region:
Elements with the following role="..." values act as live regions by default:
Chat, error, game or other type of log
To maximize compatibility, add a redundant aria-live="polite" when using this role.
A status bar or area of the screen that provides an updated status of some kind. Screen reader users have a special command to read the current status.
To maximize compatibility, add a redundant aria-live="polite" when using this role.
Error or warning message that flashes on the screen. Alerts are particularly important for client side validation notices to users. (TBD: link to ARIA form tutorial with aria info)
To maximize compatibility, some people recommend adding a redundant aria-live="assertive" when using this role. However, adding both aria-live and role="alert" causes double speaking issues in VoiceOver on iOS.
A hybrid between a widget and a live region. Use this with aria-valuemin, aria-valuenow and aria-valuemax. (TBD: add more info here).
for text which scrolls, such as a stock ticker.
or any kind of timer or clock, such as a countdown timer or stopwatch readout.
(TBD: more granular information on the support of the individual attributes with combinations of OS/Browser/AT).
General support for Live Regions was added to JAWS on version 10.0. In Windows Eyes supports Live Regions since version 8.0 "for use outside of Browse Mode for Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox". NVDA added some basic support for Live Regions for Mozilla Firefox back in 2008 and was improved in 2010 and 2014. In 2015, basic support was also added for Internet Explorer (MSHTML).
As an illustration of aria-atomic, consider a site with a simple clock, showing hours and minutes. The clock is updated each minute, with the new remaining time overwriting the current content.
The first time the function executes, the entirety of the string that is added will be announced. On subsequent calls, only the parts of the content that changed compared to the previous content will be announced. For instance, when the clock changes from "17:33" to "17:34", assistive technologies will only announce "34", which won't be very useful to users.
One way around this would be to first clear all the contents of the live region (in this case, set the innerHTML of both and to be empty), and then inject the new content. However, this can sometimes be unreliable, as it's dependent on the exact timing of these two updates.
aria-atomic="true" ensures that each time the live region is updated, the entirety of the content is announced in full (e.g. "17:34").
Another example of aria-atomic - an update/notification made as a result of a user action.
Without aria-atomic="true" the screenreader announces only the changed value of year. With aria-atomic="true", the screenreader announces "The set year is: changed value"
With aria-relevant you can specify which types of changes/updates to a live region should be announced.
As an example, consider a chat site that wants to display a list of users currently logged in. Rather than just announcing the users that are currently logged in, we also want to trigger an announcement specifically when a user is removed from the list. We can achieve this by specifying aria-relevant="additions removals".
Last modified: Mar 9, 2021, by MDN contributors
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