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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than one would expect.
The country is looking for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are signs that a secularist culture is beginning to emerge.
Origins
In the early days, the ancestors to modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools and bronze. They traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan, as well as styles of art and a written language and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded on the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials were members of the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from the citizens and sometimes required them to fight in the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the close of the time. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obeyed by all and respected even by their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This significantly improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves lined with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are common throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians don't consider to be a proper Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful state however, its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm is in flux. Those who are appalled by the immense cost of the old system are urging the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand the supporters of the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, as well as by exaggerating fears about possible job losses.
Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to which these two trends are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article reviews developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey in 2009 found that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of disbelief is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event attracted an audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which published its activities and published articles about the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to school children and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. During this period the samulnori, or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. 에볼루션바카라 for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.