Arabic Muslim

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^ Peter Haggett (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography . 1 . Marshall Cavendish . p. 2122. ISBN 0-7614-7289-4 .

^ Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times , Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1931930252 , page xxiii, 14

^ roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in Bangladesh and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the Republic of India ( CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Middle East , 1 million Bengalis in Pakistan , 5 million British Bangladeshi .

^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten . New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois : Aleph Book Company. p. 1. ISBN 978-93-83064-41-0 .

^ "A Growing Muslim Identity" . Brookings Institute . Retrieved 2020-08-22 .

^ "Arab Americans: Demographics" . Arab American Institute. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 August 2020 .


Arab Muslims ( Arabic : مسلمون عرب ‎) are adherents of Islam who identify linguistically , culturally , and genealogically as Arabs . Arab Muslims greatly outnumber other ethnoreligious groups in the Middle East . Arab Muslims comprise a majority of the population in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, the Palestinian territories, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Tunisia, and Yemen. Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco are mistakenly considered Arab-only countries, whereas they also contain Amazigh , natives of those countries. [1] Not all citizens of Arab-Muslim majority countries identify as Arab Muslims; many Arabs are non-Muslim and many Muslims are of non-Arab ethnicity. Arab Muslims form the largest ethnic group among Muslims in the world, [2] followed by Bengalis , [3] Punjabis , [4] and Javanese .

Some citizens of Egypt and Lebanon identify as Egyptian and Lebanese more so than they identify as Arab or Muslim. [5]

A substantial number of Arab Muslims live in the Arab diaspora . Arab Muslims comprise the majority of the Arab populations in Belgium, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom, while Arab Christians are the majority of the Arab populations in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Greece, Haiti, Mexico, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Around a quarter of Arab Americans identify as Arab Muslims. [6]

This Islam-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the religion. For other uses, see Islam (disambiguation) .
Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani , Baghdad, Iraq
Further information: Islamic revival
Main articles: Muslim world and Ummah

^ "Hasan al Basri is often considered one of the first who rejected an angelic origin for the devil, arguing that his fall was the result of his own free-will, not God's determination. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. His view was opposed by both early Shias and Sunnis. [217]



^ There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is / z / or / s / , and whether the a is pronounced / ɑː / , / æ / or (when the stress is on the first syllable) / ə / ( Merriam Webster ). The most common are / ɪ z ˈ l ɑː m , ɪ s ˈ l ɑː m , ˈ ɪ z l ə m , ˈ ɪ s l ə m / ( Oxford English Dictionary . Random House) and / ˈ ɪ z l ɑː m , ˈ ɪ s l ɑː m / ( American Heritage Dictionary ).

^ Watt. Muhammad at Medina . pp. 227–28 Watt argues that the initial agreement came about shortly after the hijra and that the document was amended at a later date—specifically after the battle of Badr (AH [anno hijra] 2, = AD 624). Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact eight different treaties that can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina, with the first treaty written shortly after Muhammad's arrival.

R.B. Serjeant. "The Sunnah Jâmi'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrîm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'." in The Life of Muhammad: The Formation of the Classical Islamic World : Volume iv. Ed. Uri Rubin. Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing , 1998, p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 (1978): 18 ff. See also Caetani. Annali dell'Islam, Volume I . Milano: Hoepli, 1905, p. 393. Julius Wellhausen. Skizzen und Vorabeiten , IV, Berlin: Reimer, 1889, p 82f who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra. Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad's residence in Medina, before the battle of Badr in 2/624. Even Moshe Gil, a skeptic of Islamic history, argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina. Moshe Gil. 1974. "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration." Israel Oriental Studies 4. p. 45.




^ Q6:125 Quran 6:125 , Q61:7 Quran 61:7 , Q39:22 Quran 39:22

^ Q5:3 Quran 5:3 , Q3:19 Quran 3:19 , Q3:83 Quran 3:83

^ Q9:74 Quran 9:74 ; Quran 49:14

^ Q2:117 Quran 2:117

^ Q51:56 Quran 51:56

^ Q2:186 Quran 2:186

^ Q40:60 Quran 40:60

^ Q35:1 Quran 35:1

^ Quran 1:4 ;

^ Quran 6:31 ;

^ Quran 101:1

^ Quran 9:60 . "Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect (Zakat) and for bringing hearts together and for freeing captives and for those in debt (or bonded labour ) and for the cause of Allah and for the (stranded) traveller—an obligation (imposed) by Allah. And Allah is Knowing and Wise"

^ Quran 2:177

^ Quran 2:274

^ Quran 107:1–7

^ Quran 2:184

^ Quran 4:11 .

^ Cite error: The named reference Q2177 was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).

^ Quran 89:17–18

^ Quran 41:34

^ Sahih al-Bukhari , 8:73:56

^ Quran 48:10




^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, Barnard; Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2009). Islam: The Religion and The People . Wharton School Publishing. p. 8 . ISBN 978-0-13-223085-8 .

^ Esposito, John L. 2009. "Islam." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5 . (See also: quick reference .) "Profession of Faith…affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet."

^ Jump up to: a b Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5 . (See also: quick reference .) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based…on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'"

^ "Muslim Population By Country 2021" . World Population Review . Retrieved 22 July 2021 .

^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050" . Pew Research Center . 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020 . Retrieved 5 May 2020 .

^ " Muslim ." Lexico . UK: Oxford University Press . 2020.

^ "Muslim Majority Countries 2021" . worldpopulationreview.com . Retrieved 25 July 2021 .

^ The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life . December 2012. " The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010 ." DC: Pew Research Center. Article .

^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). "Allah" . Encyclopedia of Islam . Infobase Publishing . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8 .

^ Özdemir, İbrahim . 2014. "Environment." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam , edited by I. Kalin . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8 . "When Meccan pagans demanded proofs, signs, or miracles for the existence of God, the Qurʾān's response was to direct their gaze at nature's complexity, regularity, and order. The early verses of the Qurʾān, therefore, reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth, and everything that can be seen in the environment.… The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God (āyah), inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator."

^ Goldman, Elizabeth. 1995. Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-508240-1 . p. 63.

^ Reeves, J. C. (2004). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality . Leiden : Brill . p. 177. ISBN 90-04-12726-7 .

^ Bennett (2010 , p. 101)

^ Esposito, John L. , ed. 2003. " Eschatology ." In The Oxford Dictionary of Islam .

^ Esposito (2002b , pp. 17, 111–12, 118).

^ Jump up to: a b c El Shamsy, Ahmed, and Noel James Coulson. " Sharīʿah ." Encyclopædia Britannica . 2020. (See also " sharia " via Lexico .)

^ Trofimov, Yaroslav . 2008. The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine . Knopf . New York. ISBN 978-0-307-47290-8 . p. 79.

^ Watt, William Montgomery (2003). Islam and the Integration of Society . Psychology Press . p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-17587-6 .

^ Saliba, George . 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . New York: New York University Press . ISBN 0-8147-8023-7 . pp. 245, 250, 256–57.

^ King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis . 74 (4): 531–55. doi : 10.1086/353360 . S2CID 144315162 .

^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. " Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century ." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity , edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.

^ Arnold, Thomas Walker . The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. pp. 125–258.

^ Denny, Frederick. 2010. Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford: Oxford University Press . "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."

^ " Religions | Field Listing " and " Religions | Definitions and Notes ." The World Factbook Archive . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 24 May 2020. *"Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide."
"Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population."

^ " Sunni " and " Shi'a ." Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs . Retrieved 24 May 2020. Archived " Shi'a " (2011). • "Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims." • "Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide."

^ Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life. October 2009. " Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population ." Pew Research Center . Retrieved 25 May 2020. Overview .

^ Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi (2004). "Sunni Islam". In Philip Mattar (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference.

^ Pew Forum for Religion and Public Life. April 2015. " 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 " (projections table). Pew Research Center .

^ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today . Routledge . p. 193 . ISBN 978-0-415-44851-2 .

^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (2016). "How South Asia Will Save Global Islam" . The Diplomat . Retrieved 7 February 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life. January 2011. The Future of the Global Muslim Population ." Pew Research Center . Retrieved 25 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011.

^ "Islam in Russia" . Al Jazeera . Anadolu News Agency . 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2021 .

^ "Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population" , The National , 21 April 2018 , retrieved 13 January 2019

^ Burke, Daniel (2 April 2015). "The world's fastest-growing religion is..." CNN . Retrieved 18 April 2015 .

^ Lippman, Thomas W. 7 April 2008. " No God But God ." U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 24 May 2020. "Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others."

^ " Siin ." Lane's Lexicon 4. – via StudyQuran .

^ Jump up to: a b Islām : "submission, total surrender (to God)" Gardet, L., and J. Jomier. [1960] 2012. " Islām ." Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), edited by P. Bearman, et al. Leiden: Brill . doi : 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387 . ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4 . Retrieved 24 May 2020.

^ Jump up to: a b c Editors, History com. "Islam" . HISTORY . Retrieved 22 January 2020 . CS1 maint: extra text: authors list ( link )

^ Esposito, John L. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . pp. 76–77 . ISBN 978-0-19-510799-9 .

^ Mahmutćehajić, Rusmir (2006). The mosque: the heart of submission . Fordham University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978-0-8232-2584-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "What Does "Islam" Mean?" . Classical Arabic . 20 June 2020 . Retrieved 20 June 2020 .

^ Wilson, Kenneth G. The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . ISBN 0-231-06989-8 . p. 291: "Muhammadan and Mohammedan are based on the name of the prophet Mohammed, and both are considered offensive."

^ * Esposito (2002b , pp. 74–76)
Griffith & Savage (2006 , p. 248 )

^ " Tawhid ". Encyclopædia Britannica . [1998] 2020.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Esposito, John L. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8 .

^ "The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation" . corpus.quran.com . Retrieved 11 April 2021 .

^ Bentley, David (1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book . William Carey Library . ISBN 978-0-87808-299-5 .

^ Ali, Kecia. (2008). Islam : the key concepts . Leaman, Oliver, 1950-. London: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-39638-7 . OCLC 123136939 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e " Islām ." Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 24 May 2020.

^ "Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence" . Patheos . Retrieved 24 May 2020 .

^ Leeming, David. 2005. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-195-15669-0 . p. 209.

^ "Surah Al-Ma'idah - 5:73" . quran.com . Retrieved 26 March 2021 .

^ Görke, Andreas, and Johanna Pink Tafsir. Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre . London: Oxford University Press and The Institute of Ismaili Studies . ISBN 978-0-19-870206-1 . p. 478.

^ * "God" . Islam: Empire of Faith . PBS . Retrieved 18 December 2010 .
"Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh .
L. Gardet. "Allah". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online .

^ Ali, Syed Anwer. [1984] 2010. Qurʼan, the Fundamental Law of Human Life: Surat ul-Faateha to Surat-ul-Baqarah (sections 1–21). Syed Publications. p. 121.

^ Burge, Stephan R. 2011. " The Angels in Sūrat al-Malāʾika: Exegeses of Q. 35:1 ." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 10(1):50–70.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Burge, Stephen. 2015. Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 .

^ * Esposito (2002b , pp. 26–28)
Webb, Gisela. "Angel". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an .

^ MacDonald, D. B., and Madelung, W. 2012. “ Malāʾika .” Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), edited by: P. Bearman, et al. Retrieved 24 May 2020. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4 .

^ Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO , 18 May 2017 ISBN 978-1-61069-217-5 p. 140.

^ • " Nūr ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . – via Encyclopedia.com ;

• Hartner, W., and Tj Boer. 2012. “ Nūr .” Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), edited by P. Bearman, et al. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4 .

• Elias, Jamal J. 2003. “ Light .” Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 3, edited by J. D. McAuliffe . DC: Georgetown University . Retrieved 23 May 2020.

^ • " Nar ." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . – via Encyclopedia.com ;

• Fahd, T. 2012. “ Nār .” Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), edited by P. Bearman, et al. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4 . Retrieved 23 May 2020.

• Toelle, Heidi. 2002. “ Fire .” Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 2, edited by J. D. McAuliffe . DC: Georgetown University . Retrieved 23 May 2020.

^ McAuliffe, Jane Dammen . 2003. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 3. DC: Georgetown University . p. 45.

^ * Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it.
Esposito (1998 , pp. 6, 12)
Esposito (2002b , pp. 4–5)
Peters (2003 , p. 9)
Buhl, F; Welch, A.T. "Muhammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . * Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. "Tahrif". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online .

^ Chejne, A. (1969) The Arabic Language: Its Role in History, University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis.

^ Speicher, K. (1997) in: Edzard, L., and Szyska, C. (eds.) Encounters of Words and Texts: Intercultural Studies in Honor of Stefan Wild. Georg Olms, Hildesheim, pp. 43–66.

^ Al Faruqi; Lois Ibsen (1987). "The Cantillation of the Qur'an". Asian Music (Autumn – Winter 1987): 3–4.

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