Aprosdokians

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Aprosdokians
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Paraproswhat? Yep, you read that correctly. Paraprosdokians are linguistic brain scramblers in which the latter part of the sentence isn't what you expected based on the first part of the sentence, causing you to re-think the entire statement.
Though the word itself is a combination of the Greek παρά ("against") and προσδοκία ("expectation"), its origins are still debated. According to some more recent info, the term paraprosdokian was coined in the 19th century and has been winding its way into modern usage since then (but unfortunately it still doesn't grace the pages of most paper dictionaries yet). Other sources attribute the term directly to the German philosopher Gustav Gerber of that time period. At the same time, there is record of the ancient Greeks using such figures of speech for both comedy and philosophy. Indeed, many modern comics and notable individuals have made good use of the paraprosdokian.
History aside, the list of paraprosdokians is constantly growing longer. Here is a list of some of the more famous of these figures of speech.
—Attributed to Sir Winston Churchill. The former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom was reportedly a big fan of the paraprosdokian.
—Often (and probably mistakenly) attributed to Bertrand Russell, the 20th century British philosopher and mathematician.
—Attributed to Tommy Cooper, the Welsh comedian and magician who was known for his witty one-liners.
—Widely attributed to Winston Churchill, but probably a paraphrase from Israeli politician Abba Eban.
—Homer in The Simpsons episode "Much Apu About Nothing." Spoiler alert: Only Bart laughs.
—Mitch Hedberg, the stand-up comedian who was known for his dry delivery of one-liners .
—Stephen Colbert, the comedian and former host of The Colbert Report .
—Jim Carrey's character in the movie Bruce Almighty
—Hugh Herbert, the 20th century actor and comedian.
—Another classic from Mitch Hedberg.
Additional sources: What the Tweet!? Write Funny One-Liners, Paraprosdokians, Quotations and Aphorisms for Twitter.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


^ Jump up to: a b c Ament, Ernest; Scaife, Ross (December 22, 2004). "A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples" . Lexington: University of Kentucky, Wayne State University . Retrieved October 14, 2010 .

^ Ph.D, Rod L. Evans (June 5, 2012). Tyrannosaurus Lex: The Marvelous Book of Palindromes, Anagrams, and Other Delightful and Outrageous Wordplay . Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-58863-5 .

^ "Paraprosdokian - Definition and Examples of Paraprosdokian" . Literary Devices . May 18, 2014 . Retrieved August 31, 2021 .

^ Demetrius . Roberts, W. Ryhs (ed.). Demetrius On Style, The Greek text of Demetrius De Elocutione . BiblioBazaar . para. 153. ISBN 978-1-113-67981-9 .

^ Hermogenes (2005). "34. On Speaking in Comic Style". On Method of Forceful Speaking . Vol. Invention and Method. Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 978-1-58983-121-6 .

^ Tiberius (Rhetor.). De Figuris (in Latin). Nabu Press . para. 16. ISBN 978-1-141-72928-9 .

^ Philodemus . Indelli, Giovanni; Tsouna-McKirahan, Voula (eds.). On Choices and Avoidances (in Italian). Bibliopolis. para. 19 ASIN B001MHLUF4 .

^ Liddell-Scott-Jones (1958). A Greek-English Lexicon . Oxford. p. 1507.

^ Casselman, Bill (January 3, 2011). "The Bogus Word Paraprosdokian (and Lazy Con-Men of Academe)" . The Perils of Rhetorical Nomenclature . Toronto: Casselmania: McArthur & Co. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016.

^ Jump up to: a b c Lundin, Leigh (January 30, 2011). "Paraprosdokia" . The A.D.D. Detective . Criminal Brief . Retrieved March 6, 2011 .

^
Anonymous (August 8, 1891). "Voces Populi" . Punch, or the London Charivari, p. 69 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2020). Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812790 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Paraprosdokians" . Away With Words . February 9, 2012. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015 . Retrieved July 11, 2017 .

^ Gottesman, Kyra (June 15, 2019). "It's a figure of speech | Off the Record" . Chico Enterprise-Record . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^
Howard, Gregory (January 11, 2010). Dictionary of Rhetorical Terms . Xlibris. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-4500-2029-9 . [ self-published source ]

^
Mills, Michael (2010). Concise Handbook of Literary and Rhetorical Terms . Estep-Nicoles Publishing. ISBN 978-0-615-27136-1 .

^ Norwich, John Julius (2019). The Ultimate Christmas Cracker . John Murray Press. ISBN 978-1-5293-2491-4 .

^ Frizzelle, Christopher (August 22, 2019). "Happy Birthday, Dorothy Parker" . The Stranger . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^
Jost, Walter; Olmsted, Wendy (February 23, 2004). A companion to rhetoric and rhetorical criticism . Wiley-Blackwell . p. 277. ISBN 978-1-4051-0112-7 . Retrieved February 12, 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b
LaPointe, Leonard L. (September 2009). "Figaro and paraprosdokian" . Journal of Medical Speech – Language Pathology . Archived from the original on January 9, 2011.

^ Leighton, H. Vernon (2020). "A Theory of Humor (Abridged) and the Comic Mechanisms of John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces ". In Marsh, Leslie (ed.). Theology and Geometry: Essays on John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces (Politics, Literature, & Film) . United Kingdom: Lexington Books (published January 29, 2020). pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-4985-8547-7 . Retrieved March 27, 2020 . it is useful to examine the famous paraprosdokian, ‘I’ve had a perfectly wonderful evening, but this wasn’t it.’ … Within the cognitive incongruity aspect of humor … Comedians often rely on shared knowledge with the audience to provide the second interpretation toward which the joke will pivot … As the paraprosdokian above illustrates, in some humor events, the brain begins tentatively to assign the event of one interpretation but then is forced in surprise to reassign the event to a second interpretation.

^ Bradley, Patricia (September 3, 2019). "What Do You Do With A Paraprosdokian?" . Learn How to Write a Novel . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^ Baumann, Jim (March 28, 2020). "Grammar Moses: It's not a pickup line, it's a paraprosdokian" . Daily Herald . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^ Zorn, Eric (April 4, 2005). "Fine Lines: Mitch Hedberg" . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 22, 2016 .

^ "List of 20 Paraprosdokians: Sentences with a twist" . India Today . New Delhi. August 17, 2016 . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^ Andrews, Dale C. (April 24, 2012). "Paraprosdokia" . Sleuthsayers . Retrieved July 22, 2012 .

^ Gearing, Jes (September 20, 2010). "Paraprosdokian: Beyond a Punchline or a Turn of Phrase" . ALTA Language Services . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^ O'Toole, Garson (September 8, 2010). "Outside of a Dog, a Book is Man's Best Friend. Inside of a Dog, It's Too Dark to Read" . Quote Investigator . Retrieved August 9, 2020 .

^ O'Toole, Garson (2017). Hemingway Didn't Say That: The Truth Behind Familiar Quotations . Amazon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5039-3340-8 .


Look up paraprosdokian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Listen to this article ( 4 minutes )
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 17 March 2015 ( 2015-03-17 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits.

A paraprosdokian ( / p ær ə p r ɒ s ˈ d oʊ k i ə n / ) is a figure of speech in which the latter part of a sentence, phrase, or larger discourse is surprising or unexpected in a way that causes the reader or listener to reframe or reinterpret the first part. It is frequently used for humorous or dramatic effect, sometimes producing an anticlimax . For this reason, it is extremely popular among comedians and satirists [1] such as Groucho Marx .

"Paraprosdokian" comes from the Greek " παρά ", meaning "against" and " προσδοκία ", meaning "beyond expectation". [2] [3] The term "prosdokia" ("expectation") occurs with the preposition "para" in Greek rhetorical writers of the 1st century BCE and the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, with the meaning "contrary to expectation" or "unexpectedly." [4] [5] [6] [7] These four sources are cited under "prosdokia" in Liddell-Scott-Jones, Greek Lexicon. [8] Canadian linguist and etymology author William Gordon Casselman argues that, while the word is now in wide circulation, "paraprosdokian" (or "paraprosdokia") is not a term of classical (or medieval) Greek or Latin rhetoric, but a late 20th-century neologism, citing the fact that the word does not yet appear in the Oxford English Dictionary as evidence of its late coinage. [9] [10] However, the word appeared in print as early as 1891 in a humorous article in Punch : 'A "paraprosdokian," which delights him to the point of repetition.' [11]

Some paraprosdokians do not only change the meaning of an early phrase (see garden-path sentence ), but they also play on the double meaning of a particular word, creating a form of syllepsis or antanaclasis (a type of pun ). For example, in response to the question "how are you two?", a Modern Hebrew speaker can say בסדר גמור; היא בסדר, אני גמור be-séder gamúr; i be-séder, aní gamúr , literally "in-order complete; she in-order, I complete", i.e. "We are very good. She is good, I am finished". [12] : 88 Note the ambiguity of the Hebrew lexical item גמור gamúr : it means both "complete" and "finished". [12] : 88 A parallel punning paraprosdokian in English is a man's response to a friend's question "Why are you and your wife here? : A workshop ; I am work ing, she is shop ping." [12] : 88


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It’s hard to explain puns to kleptomaniacs because they always take things literally.
A paraprosdokian is a figure of speech in which the latter part of a sentence, phrase, or larger discourse is surprising or unexpected in a way that causes the reader or listener to reframe or reinterpret the first part.
It is frequently used for humorous or dramatic effect.
Some paraprosdokians not only change the meaning of an early phrase, but they also play on the double meaning of a particular word, creating a form of syllepsis. source
This long word comes from two Greek words meaning “beyond expectation.”
So challenge your friends’ and fans’ expectations with these witty one liners.
Do you like a play on words, or on a stage?
The difference between fiction and reality is that fiction has to make sense.
Human genius has its limits while human stupidity does not. ~Alexandre Dumas
The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education. ~Einstein
If everything seems under control, you’re just not going fast enough. ~Andretti
A problem is really only a fact that someone is resisting.
A bus is a vehicle that runs twice as fast when you are after it as when you are in it.
There are 10 kinds of people in the world: Those that understand binary and those that don’t.
Evening news is where they begin with “Good evening” and then proceed to tell you why it isn’t.
Why does someone believe you when you say there are four billion stars, but check when you say the paint is wet?
Going to church doesn’t make you a Christian any more than standing in a garage makes you a car.
I tried to drown my sorrows, but the bastards learned how to swim. ~Frida Kahlo
Don’t go around saying the world owes you a living. The world owes you nothing. It was here first.
Being smart is knowing how to get out of a tough situation. Being wise is not getting into it in the first place.
When tempted to fight fire with fire, remember that the Fire Department usually uses water.
I asked God for a bike, but I know God doesn’t work that way. So I stole a bike and asked for forgiveness.
Being second is to be the first of the ones who lose. ~Senna
Some people exist as a consequence of their actions, others take action towards their consequences.
It is a terrible thing to see and have no vision. ~Helen Keller
Before you criticize a man, walk a mile in his shoes. That way, you will be a mile away and he won’t have any shoes.
Always swim or dive with a friend. It reduces your chance of shark attack by 50%.
You’re not yourself today. It’s nice.
Your argument is sound, just sound, lots of sound.
I’m not being rude. You’re just insignificant.
I didn’t say it was your fault; I said I was blaming you.
Some cause happiness wherever they go. Others, whenever they go. ~Oscar Wilde
Silence is golden, duct tape is silver.
The last thing I want to do is hurt you. But it’s still on the list.
At the art of giving, he stops at nothing.
I used to be conceited, but now I’m perfect.
My days of not taking you seriously are coming to a middle.
Hospitality: making your guests feel like they’re at home, even if you wish they were.
Get your facts first, then you can distort them as you please.
It’s the least I can do, and I always like to do the least.
Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.
I would like to take you seriously, but to do so would be an affront to your intelligence.
I hate to say “I told you so” so I’m going to shout it really loud.
If I agreed with you, we’d both be wrong.
I was going to give him a nasty look, but he already had one.
Laughter is the best medicine, if you don’t have insurance.
They said I could become anything. So I became a disappointment.
I’ve had a perfectly wonderful evening. But this wasn’t it. ~Groucho Marx or Hugh Herbert
A modest man, who has much to be modest about.
I can’t thank you enough, you’re never bloody happy are you?
Do not argue with an idiot. He will drag you down to his level and beat you with experience.
They need a big check, a reality check that is…
She often stood outside in order to be outstanding.
Nothing is possible. I’ve been doing it for years.
Take my wife—please. ~Henny Youngman Henny Youngman was the first comedian to use the line “Take my wife—please!” Per wikipedia , he later explained it as a misinterpretation: in the mid-1930s he took his wife to a show and asked the usher to escort his wife to a seat. But his request was taken as a joke, and Youngman used the line countless times ever after. “Take my wife—please!” has been incorrectly attributed to Rodney Dangerfield, who made a lot of quips about his wife, and that one has stuck, even though he didn’t originate it.
If I had a dollar for every woman that found me unattractive, they’d eventually find me attractive.
Women sometimes make fools of men, but most guys are the do-it-yourself type.
Sometimes I wake up grumpy. Other times I let her sleep.
I miss my ex so often, I really need a laser sight.
The last time I was someone’s type, I was donating blood.
Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves. ~Einstein
Marriage is a great institution, but I’m not ready for an institution. ~Mae West
He taught me housekeeping; when I divorce I keep the house. ~Zsa Zsa Gabor
Marriage to me brings out the best in a woman: chastity.
Behind every successful man is his woman. Behind the fall of a successful man is usually another woman.
Behind every great man there’s a woman, rolling her eyes. ~Jim Carrey in Bruce Almighty
I admit, I have a tremendous sex drive. My boyfriend lives forty miles away. ~Phyllis Diller
I had beautiful wives, every one beautiful, talented and now rich.
I’m missing you, but my aim is improving.
Women will never be equal to men until they can walk down the street with a bald head and a beer gut… and still think they are sexy!
Women’s rights impress me as much as their lefts.
I saw a woman wearing a sweatshirt with “Guess” on it…so I said “Implants?”
She got her good looks from her father; he’s a plastic surgeon.
I’m a heroine addict. I need to be with women who have saved someone’s life.
I always thought it was polite to open the door for a lady, but she just screamed and flew out of the plane…
She looks as though she’s been poured into her clothes, and forgot to say ‘when’.
We can repair what your husband fixed.
Of course men can multitask, we read in the bathroom.
The face of a child can say it all, especially the mouth part of the face.
I saw a sign that said “watch for children” and I thought, “That sounds like a fair trade” ~Demetri Martin
If you are supposed to learn from your mistakes, why do some people have more than one child?
Children should be seen and not herded.
My father had a profound influence on me. He was a lunatic. ~Spike Milligan
If at first you don’t succeed, blame your parents. ~Marcelene Cox
Nostalgia isn’t what it used to be.
You’re never too old to learn something stupid.
Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.
In the end, it’s not the years in your life that count. It’s the life in your years. ~Abraham Lincoln
I don’t do drugs anymore. I get the same effect just standing up these days.
I want to die peacefully in my sleep, like my grandfather, not screaming and yelling like the passengers in his car.
We don’t stop playing because we grow old. We grow old because we stop playing.
Better over the hill than under it!
If you wait, all that happens is that you get older. ~Andretti
We never really grow up; we only learn how to act in public.
I have a lot of growing up to do. I realized that the other day inside my fort. ~Zach Galifianakis
The worst time to have a heart attack is during a game of charades. ~Demetri Martin
Well, I’m having a great day. Woke up this morning, got out of bed, went to the bathroom. In that order!
I like you. You remind me of when I was young and stupid.
Growing old is tough; not growing old is worse.
To keep fit my grandmother walks five miles a day. She’s 97 now and we have no idea where she is.
One time a guy handed me a picture and said “Here’s a picture of me when I was younger.” Every picture is of you when you were younger. ~Mitch Hedberg
Always borrow money from a pessimist. He won’t expect it back.
If you think nobody cares you’re alive, try missing a couple payments.
Money can’t buy happiness, but it sure makes misery easier to live with.
All I ask is the chance to prove that money can’t make me happy. ~Spike Milligan
I thought I wanted a career; turns out I just wanted paychecks.
A bank is a place that will lend you money, if you can prove that you don’t need it.
A bad banker quickly loses interest.
A banker will always lend you an umbrella on a sunny day.
Where there’s a will, I want to be in it.
I don’t approve of political jokes. I’ve seen too many of them get elected.
War does not determine who is right… only who is left.
A fine is
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