Anti Runway Penetration Bomb

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Anti Runway Penetration Bomb
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↑ "Jane's Air Launched Weapons" . Jane's Information group. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011-07-23 . 1 2 "Ordnance & Munitions Forecast" . Archived from the original on October 19, 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . ↑ Dassault Mirage: The Combat Log , Salvador Mafe Huertas, page 41, ISBN 978-0764301681 ↑ "MBDA (Matra) BLU-107/B Durandal" . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . ↑ "BLU-107 Durandal - Dumb Bombs" . Retrieved 23 July 2011 .
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Anti-runway penetration bombs are systems involving bombs or bomblets designed to disrupt the surface of an airfield runway and make it unusable for flight operations.
Perhaps the most strategically decisive, best known, and first wartime use of specialized cratering anti-runway weapons was by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War . The dibber bombs played a major part in the near complete destruction of the large Egyptian Air Force , mostly on the ground, in a preemptive strike on the first morning of the war by the commitment of the whole of the far smaller Israeli Air Force to the strike. The surprising elimination of the Egyptian air force and resulting Israeli air supremacy contributed significantly to the outcome of the war on all fronts. The IMI 'Runway Piercing Bomb' was a prototype Israeli-French anti-runway weapon. It used rocket braking over the target and a second rocket burst to plunge through the runway surface and explode. [1] [2] [3]
One system available from 1977 diverging from the French/Israeli runway piercing bomb concept used in 1967 is the Matra Durandal , a single 450 lb bomb with parachute braking, rocket booster , and two warheads . Dropped by aircraft flying at low level, it is braked by parachute, and when at the correct angle fires a rocket to impact the runway. It first ignites a large explosive charge to create a crater, and then uses a smaller charge that has penetrated the crater to displace adjacent concrete slabs. The slabs, once displaced, are far harder to deal with than a simple hole that can be patched with asphalt. The Durandal has been widely exported. [2] [4] The Durandal was used in 1991 by the United States Air Force in the initial stages of the Gulf War , delivered by General Dynamics F-111 Aardvarks against Iraqi airfields. [5]
Another, now withdrawn from service, was the JP233 , a dispenser and submunitions system. An aircraft would fly over the target runway and release a mixture of penetrating and anti-personnel submunitions to both crater the runway and impede repair work. The anti-personnel mines could be armed with time-delay fuses, threatening runway repair crews with the risk of death or bodily injury. After the UK signed an international accord banning cluster mines, the JP233 was retired.
A cluster munition is a form of air-dropped or ground-launched explosive weapon that releases or ejects smaller submunitions. Commonly, this is a cluster bomb that ejects explosive bomblets that are designed to kill personnel and destroy vehicles. Other cluster munitions are designed to destroy runways or electric power transmission lines, disperse chemical or biological weapons, or to scatter land mines. Some submunition-based weapons can disperse non-munitions, such as leaflets.
Named for a mythical medieval French sword, the Durandal is an anti-runway penetration bomb developed by the French company Matra, designed to destroy airport runways and exported to several countries. A simple crater in a runway could be just filled in, so the Durandal uses two explosions to displace the concrete slabs of a runway, thus much more difficult to repair.
The CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon is a United States Air Force 1,000-pound (450 kg)-class freefall Cluster Bomb Unit. It was developed and produced by Textron Defense Systems. A CBU-97 used in conjunction with the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser guidance tail kit is converted to a precision-guided weapon, and the combination is designated CBU-105 .
Offensive counter-air (OCA) is a military term for the suppression of an enemy's military air power, primarily through ground attacks targeting enemy air bases: disabling or destroying parked aircraft, runways, fuel facilities, hangars, air traffic control facilities and other aviation infrastructure. Ground munitions like bombs are typically less expensive than more sophisticated air-to-air munitions, and a single ground munition can destroy or disable multiple aircraft in a very short time whereas aircraft already flying must typically be shot down one at a time. Enemy aircraft already flying also represent an imminent threat as they can usually fire back, and therefore destroying them before they can take off minimizes the risk to friendly aircraft.
BL755 is a cluster bomb developed by Hunting Aircraft that contains 147 parachute-retarded high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) submunitions. Its primary targets are armoured vehicles and tanks with secondary soft target capabilities. It entered service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1973.
Operation Focus was the opening airstrike by Israel at the start of the Six-Day War in 1967. It is sometimes referred to as the "Sinai Air Strike". At 07:45 on 5 June 1967, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) under Maj. Gen. Mordechai Hod launched a massive airstrike that destroyed the majority of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground. Following Syrian and Jordanian attacks in retaliation, the Israeli Air Force proceeded to bomb air bases in those countries. By noon, the Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian Air Forces, with about 450 aircraft, were destroyed. It was also very successful in disabling 18 airfields in Egypt, hindering Egyptian Air Force operations for the duration of the war, and remains one of the most successful air attack campaigns in military history.
Originally known as the LAAAS , the JP233 is a British submunition delivery system consisting of large dispenser pods carrying several hundred submunitions designed to attack runways.
The CBU-24 is an unguided, aircraft delivered anti-personnel and anti-materiel weapon developed by the United States. Because it is an unguided weapon, the CBU-24 can be carried and dropped by any aircraft capable of carrying standard "dumb" or "iron" bombs.
A Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition ( DPICM ) is an artillery or surface-to-surface missile warhead designed to burst into sub-munitions at an optimum altitude and distance from the desired target for dense area coverage. The sub-munitions use both explosively formed penetrators for the anti-armor role, and fragmentation for the antipersonnel role, hence the nomenclature "dual-purpose". Some sub-munitions may be designed for delayed reaction or mobility denial (mines). The air-to-surface variety of this kind of munition is better known as a cluster bomb. They are banned by some countries under the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
The HB 876 mine was an air dropped area denial weapon. It was used as part of the JP233 runway denial system and the 'Hades' variant of the BL755 cluster bomb. As a result of the anti-personnel mine ban it was withdrawn from British Royal Air Force service, and the last stockpiles of the mine were destroyed on 19 October 1999.
The CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition ( CEM ) is a cluster bomb used by the United States Air Force, developed by Aerojet General/Honeywell and introduced in 1986 to replace the earlier cluster bombs used in the Vietnam War. CBU stands for Cluster Bomb Unit. When the CBU-87 is used in conjunction with the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser guidance tail kit, it becomes much more accurate, and is designated CBU-103 .
Allegations of war crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War refer to claims of various groups and individuals, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and United Nations officials, who accused both Hezbollah and Israel of violating international humanitarian law during the 2006 Lebanon War, and warned of possible war crimes. These allegations included intentional attacks on civilian populations or infrastructure, disproportionate or indiscriminate attacks, the use of human shields, and the use of prohibited weapons.
The BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb is the submunition used in several cluster bomb type weapon systems, mainly the CBU-87 and its precision-guided version CBU-103. When the bomblets fall, they separate from the main bomb and independently free fall to the ground. They contain an inflatable bag (ballute) on the top of them, which slows them down and spreads them out. Once the bomblets reach a force of 6 Gs they arm themselves. As the bomblets fall, they are also spinning. Arming takes about 2.6 seconds. They have a combined shaped charge, fragmentation and incendiary effect on the target. It is very effective against and mainly used for anti-personnel, anti-materiel, and anti-armor.
The Convention on Cluster Munitions ( CCM ) is an international treaty that prohibits all use, transfer, production, and stockpiling of cluster bombs, a type of explosive weapon which scatters submunitions ("bomblets") over an area. Additionally, the convention establishes a framework to support victim assistance, clearance of contaminated sites, risk reduction education, and stockpile destruction. The convention was adopted on 30 May 2008 in Dublin, and was opened for signature on 3 December 2008 in Oslo. It entered into force on 1 August 2010, six months after it was ratified by 30 states. As of February 2022, a total of 123 states are committed to the goal of the convention, with 110 states that have ratified it, and 13 states that have signed the convention but not yet ratified it.
The Type-90 , also known as the MZD-2 , is a Chinese submunition used in the 122 mm Type-81 cluster rocket. It is made by Norinco. Type-81 rockets with Type-90 submunitions were used by Hezbollah against Israel in the 2006 Lebanon War, and they have been used in the Syrian Civil War as bombs dropped by weaponized Hezbollah quadcopters.
The E14 munition was a cardboard sub-munition developed by the United States biological weapons program as an anti-crop weapon. In a series of field tests in 1955, the E14 was loaded with fleas and air-dropped.
The MW-1 is a German munitions dispenser similar to the British JP233. It is designed to be carried on the Tornado IDS, although it can be carried on the F-104 Starfighter and the F-4 Phantom. The MW-1 started to be phased out after the German Government ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions in 2009.
A precision-guided munition is a guided munition intended to precisely hit a specific target, to minimize collateral damage and increase lethality against intended targets. During the First Gulf War guided munitions accounted for only 9% of weapons fired, but accounted for 75% of all successful hits. Despite guided weapons generally being used on more difficult targets, they were still 35 times more likely to destroy their targets per weapon dropped.
The BAP 100 is a French anti-runway cluster bomb developed in the mid-1970s, and which entered service with the French Air Force in the early 1980s. The bomb consists of eighteen submunitions, arranged in a cluster. Accelerated by an internal propulsion system, the munitions are designed to ensure total runway destruction in a single pass by aircraft.
The DRDO Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon ( SAAW ) is a long-range precision-guided anti-airfield weapon developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is designed to be capable of engaging ground targets with high precision up to a range of 100 kilometres (62 mi).
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by JP May 9, 2020 May 10, 2020 0 4884
The MATRA BLU-107 Durandal on a USAF F-111
(Wikipedia)
Egyptian Planes Destroyed on the Ground [Source: Government Press Office of Israel]
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Durandal test round dropped by a Mirage III


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In the run up to the 1967 Six-Day War in the Middle East, the Israeli Air Force was significantly outnumbered by the Arab air forces of Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq. Egypt’s air force alone had 50 percent more comparable combat aircraft than the Israelis.
As early as 1953 it was clear that neutralization of the Arab air bases would be vital in any future conflict. By 1960 operational planning centered around executing a simultaneous strike on all the Arab bases in range of Israel. The operations branch commander of the IAF, Rafi Har-Lev, and the top navigator in the air force, Rafi Sivron, began work on Operation Moked – the simultaneous neutralization of the Arab air bases.
The basis of the planning was intelligence – not only were the dispositions and activity cycles of the Arab squadrons determined, but they also were able to secure information on the runway thickness and design of the bases. Maj. Gen. Ezer Weizman , commander of the Air Force, began planning in earnest in 1962, and the plan was continually updated by the flow on intelligence from reconnaissance and human sources.
Since trapping the Arab combat aircraft on the ground was key, the Israelis and the French (before their abrupt change in foreign policy under Charles De Gaulle shifting away from Israel) co-developed a new type of bomb specifically designed for destroying runways.
After the bomb’s release, a parachute acted as a braking mechanism to slow the munition to get it to the optimum penetration angle. Then, a rocket fired to drive the bomb straight down and through the runway. Within six seconds the explosives detonated, creating a larger crater (5m x 1.6m) than would have been possible with a conventional bomb. Israeli Military Industries (IMI or “Taas”, it’s Hebrew name) was the lead contractor for the new weapon.
Aircraft carrying the new bombs would target eighteen air bases in Egypt, six bases in Syria, and two bases in Jordan. Once the runways were knocked out, the rest of the strike force could pick off the grounded Arab aircraft with guns and rockets.
On 5 June 1967, at 0700 hours, the command went out from the IDF headquarters in Tel Aviv, “Execute Moked”.
One-hundred sixty aircraft took off in the first wave. Jordanian radar detected the strike force but assumed that they were US Navy aircraft of the Sixth Fleet which were known to be in the region. At 0745 hours, Egyptian fighter aircraft were finishing up landing after their dawn patrols of the airspace adjoining Israel. Maintenance crews and pilots were in the process of heading to breakfast before the next patrol cycle began and that was when the Israelis struck.
As each aircraft delivered the new runway bombs, they swung around and commenced strafing runs against the flight lines of trapped aircraft. While ten percent of the strike force was lost, within six hours the air forces of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan were neutralized. The first wave of the attack continued for two hours and 197 Egyptian planes were destroyed. In addition, six airports were shut down.
Several hours later, the IAF attacked Egypt a second time to destroy radar and electronic infrastructure and target any remaining offensive aircraft. Following Syrian, Jordanian, and Iraqi attacks in retaliation, the Israeli Air Force proceeded to bomb air bases in those countries as well.
All told, Operation Moked was a hugely successful gamble. Approximately 450 enemy planes — Egyptian, Iraqi, Jordanian, Lebanese, and Syrian — were destroyed. The Israelis committed nearly all of their aircraft to the strikes, leaving only 12 fighters to protect Tel Aviv, something that the IDF commanders didn’t fully reveal to the Israeli government.
As Mordechai Hod, the commander of the Israeli Air Force said before the attacks “A jet aircraft is the deadliest weapon in existence – in the sky. On the ground, it is useless.”
The runway cratering bomb was further developed starting in 1971 by the French weapons firm MATRA as the Durandal, named for a mythical French sword. The Durandal differed from the 1967 anti-runway munition in that after release, a braking parachute was used to stabilize the bomb instead of a braking rocket. There is an oft-repeated misconception that Durandal was used in Operation Moked, but that would have been nearly ten years before Durandal was available.
Rather, the 1967 weapon was a distinct program that led to the current Durandal weapon. The Durandal was put into production for the French in 1977 and in 1982, it was evaluated by the United States Air Force for use by the General Dynamics F-111. It would subsequently be cleared for the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle and was used to great effect during Operation Desert Storm under the designation BLU-107.
The Durandal was designed for a shelf life of 11 years and if it was carried on three sorties and not dropped, it was withdrawn from use. As such, the BLU-107 Durandal is no longer i
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