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Recent toxicological studies have demonstrated that exposure to organochlorine pesticides is susceptible to produce various alterations in brain cell which significantly contribute to a loss in neurobehavioral skills and disturbance of neuronal function. Acetamipride AC is belonging to this organochlorines family and it is considered less harmful by toxicovigilance systems and practices in Algeria. The aim of this work was mainly to evaluate the impact of this pesticide on the brain cell integrity and function in Acetamiprid-treated rats at the dose of 3. Several indicators of neuronal apoptosis and function have been rated, in addition to classical labyrinth and Maze tests monitoring to evaluate learning and memorization abilities in rats exposed to this neonicotinoid. In conclusion, exposition of the rats to Acetamiprid generates apoptosis which is induced by releasing of mitochondrial Cytochrome-c in cell cytosol and alters neurotransmitters rates that could reduce the potential of learning and memorization in the rats. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Institutional subscriptions. Hatcher, J. Parkinson's disease and pesticides: a toxicological perspective. Trends Pharmacol. Lahouel, A. Neurobehavioral deficits and brain oxidative stress induced by chronic low dose exposure of persistent organic pollutants mixture in adult female rat. Syam, S. Trends in the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry for human biomonitoring: An analytical primer to studying the environmental chemical space of the human exposome. Article Google Scholar. Wilson, W. Alan, G. Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. Mrema, E. Persistent organochlorinated pesticides and mechanisms of their toxicity. Scientific Opinion on the developmental neurotoxicity potential of. EFSA Journal 11 , 1—51 Google Scholar. Tian, Y. A colorimetric detection method of pesticide acetamiprid by fine-tuning aptamer length. Fernandez, V. C, Sancho, E. Thiobencarb induced changes in acetylcholinesterase activity of the fish Anguilla Anguilla. Chakroun, S. Hematological, biochemical, and toxicopathic effects of subchronicacetamiprid toxicity in Wistar rats. Lakroun, Z. Oxidative stress and brain mitochondria swelling induced by Endosulfan and protective role of quercetin in rat. Shi, Y. Benzene hexachloride induces apoptosis of rat Sertoli cells through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of JNKs and FasL. Di-Monte, D. Manning-Bog AB. Environmental factors in Parkinson's disease. Neuro-toxicology 23 , — CAS Google Scholar. Sara, H. Oxidative stress status, caspase-3, stromal enzymes and mitochondrial respiration and swelling of Paramecium caudatum in responding to the toxicity of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. Health Sci. Doi: Hussein, S. Sherer, B. Gasmi, S. Effects of Deltamethr in on striatum and hippocampus mitochondrial integrity and the protective role of Quercetin in rats. Gao, C. Myocardial mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in intense exercise: regulatory effects of quercetin. Pesticide-induced oxidative stress: perspectives and trends. Health 16 , 1—40 Chahinez, T. Toxicity of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles on oxidative stress status, stromal enzymes and mitochondrial respiration and swelling of Oryctolaguscuniculus brain cortex. Testud, F. Insecticides neonicotinoides. EMC-Patholo-gie professionnelle et de l'environnement. EMC Toxicol. Pettmann, B. Neuronal cell death. Myburgh, J. Comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. Reneman, L. Ikonomidou, C. Neurotransmitters and apoptosis in the developing brain. Zhang, H. Mesoionicpyridopyrimidinones: Discovery of dicloromezotiaz as a lepidoptera insecticide acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Karami-Mohajeri, S. Toxic influence of organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlo-rine pesticides on cellular metabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates: A systematic review. Bernhoorn, I. The use of different enzymes in feral freshxater as a tool for the assessment of water pollution in Africa. Gao, H. The accumulation of brain injury leads to severe neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Research 15 , 1—8 Zoumenou, B. Effets toxicologiques et methodes d'analyse de la lambda-cyhalothrine et de l'acetamipri-deutilisesdans la protection phytosanitaire du cotonnier. Alteration of membrane integrity and respiratory function of brain mitochondria in the rats chronically exposed to a low dose of acetamiprid. Clayton D. Isolation of mitochondria from cells and tissues: A laboratory manual, D. Spec-tor, R. Goldman and L. Lei wand, Ed. Press, Beijing, Chaina, — Ellman, G. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Jaako, K. Developmental lead exposure impairs contextual fear conditioning and reduces adult hippo-campal neurogenesis in the rat brain. Download references. All the labs to which the co-authors are affiliated are also thanked for authorizing our team to achieve this work. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Salim Gasmi or Mohamed Kebieche. Salim Gasmi declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Smail Chafaa declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Zhora Lakroun declares that she has no conflicts of interest. Rachid Rouabhi declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Chouaib Touahria declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Mohamed Kebieche declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Rachid Soulimani declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Reprints and permissions. Download citation. Received : 16 January Revised : 30 June Accepted : 29 August Published : 09 January Issue Date : December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract Recent toxicological studies have demonstrated that exposure to organochlorine pesticides is susceptible to produce various alterations in brain cell which significantly contribute to a loss in neurobehavioral skills and disturbance of neuronal function. Access this article Log in via an institution. Effects of Deltamethrin on striatum and hippocampus mitochondrial integrity and the protective role of Quercetin in rats Article 27 May Alteration of membrane integrity and respiratory function of brain mitochondria in the rats chronically exposed to a low dose of acetamiprid Article 10 August References Hatcher, J. Article Google Scholar Wilson, W. Article Google Scholar Mrema, E. Google Scholar Tian, Y. Google Scholar Fernandez, V. Article Google Scholar Chakroun, S. Article Google Scholar Hussein, S. Google Scholar Sherer, B. Article Google Scholar Testud, F. Google Scholar Pettmann, B. Article Google Scholar Reneman, L. Article Google Scholar Ikonomidou, C. Article Google Scholar Gao, H. Google Scholar Zoumenou, B. Google Scholar Ellman, G. Article Google Scholar Download references. View author publications. Additional information Conflict of Interest Salim Gasmi declares that he has no conflicts of interest. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. About this article. Cite this article Gasmi, S. Copy to clipboard. Search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research.

Neuronal Apoptosis and Imbalance of Neurotransmitters Induced by Acetamiprid in Rats

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A place to finally meet in the middle to think freely and reasonably about the big questions of life. Welcome to Thinker Sensitive. On the thirty-eighth installment of The Weekly , Ryan reveals the dangers of the reckless pursuit of pleasure and the self-indulgent search for instant gratification. I enjoy introducing people to some of these figures, these intellectual giants, and I enjoy giving them their rightful due and respect on the show. As a contemporary theologian, I believe that a large part of my job is to take what these great minds have produced, to take all the intricate details and complex ideas contained in their thinking, and simplify them and contextualize them in a way that contemporary audiences can appreciate and understand. Sometimes this process involves the act of succinctly summarizing an idea that an author may have meticulously unpacked over a span of pages in order to coherently outline and organize the idea within the strict parameters of a 25 minute podcast episode, an undertaking that can be both challenging and rewarding at the same time. There have been many magnificent theologians throughout the history of the church and the history of Christian thought. These ' doctors ' of the Christian faith were towering figures, brilliant and beautiful minds, savants who were proficient in several different languages at once—ancient Hebrew, classical Greek, Koine Greek, Latin, French, and German—geniuses who earned multiple doctorates, who were experts in a variety of fields—economics, history, science, philosophy, linguistics, sociology, mathematics, psychology—scholars who held 10 or 15 or 20 different honorary degrees from the most prestigious colleges in the world, who published literally thousands of works, taught at some of the most distinguished universities on earth, and received countless accolades and awards from various scholastic societies and academic institutions around the globe. But out of all the great theologians who have walked this earth, none has been more influential, more impactful, than the one I want to talk about today: Augustine of Hippo or St. You might be familiar with the name because of all the schools that have been named after him or because of the eclectic city in Northern Florida that proudly boasts his name. Interestingly enough, in comparison to his modern successors, Augustine was not necessarily well-educated or accomplished academically. Augustine stands as both the eminent theologian of the Catholic church prior to the emergence of Thomas Aquinas and one of the leading catalysts for the Protestant Reformation, believe it or not. Augustine was born in the middle of the 4th century and lived well into the 5th century. Thagaste, a Roman town in present day Algeria, was his birthplace. Having been born and raised in North Africa, you can postulate about the color of his skin. Augustine was no different. It was in Hippo where he witnessed what he and his contemporaries would interpret as the fall of Rome. Under the leadership of King Alaric, the Visigoths—a gothic and Germanic tribe—sacked Rome, winning a decisive victory over the legendary empire on the 24th of August, in the year AD. In this notable autobiography, Augustine chronicles his life history and outlines his personal journey. The young Augustine was preoccupied with two basic human pursuits: the pursuit of truth and the pursuit of happiness. Like many of us today, Augustine viewed pleasure as a means to the end of happiness. He mistook, he confused, pleasure for happiness. In doing this, he found himself wholly unhappy. His desires, his insatiable desires, were left unfulfilled. This is the great irony of hedonism the pursuit of pleasure, treating pleasure as THE means to happiness, viewing pleasure as an end in itself : it always leaves the subject unfulfilled—empty, void. In many ways, his story is our story; his experience is our experience. It speaks to our existential history—in the finitude and fallibility and frailty of our existence. Hedonism, the pursuit of pleasure, is as human as procreation, as instinctive as survival, as carnal as flesh and blood. I am convinced that all human beings are hedonists in one way or another, that we all possess a hedonistic impulse, that we are all hedonistic creatures by nature. We know by experience, and hopefully we have learned and have matured by experience as well. What we learn in The Confessions is that Augustine played the game, the pleasure game that all of us have played at one time or another—and he left, he walked away, wanting. Still wanting, still desiring, ever craving, ever thirsting, he ate the pear from the tree, and he was still hungry. The Contemporary Pursuit of Pleasure. In the universal human pursuit of happiness, when understood within the general framework of means and ends that I have been both invoking and applying recently, hedonism is often the default stance or position that people take. The path of pleasure is the default path that most people take in their individual journeys toward happiness because it is the most instinctual, most intuitive, most mindless, most thoughtless, most bloody and fleshy, and most natural path. Today, in a nihilistic landscape that robs life of meaning, that deprives human existence of hope and purpose, that erodes all values—including objective moral values—hedonism is the go-to option. In some ways, it becomes the most reasonable choice. Not to do so would simply be cowardly. This is where many young people today stand. This is how they view the world. This is the position that they take, the path that they are on—a path that leads to nowhere, but a path that is highly populated and very busy, one that we all have travailed. There are many other shows and movies that I have seen that help illustrate the decadence and degradation of hedonism. One would be Requiem for a Dream by Darren Aronofsky. In some ways, it represents a modern parable on the dangers of lust. The movie documents the steady decline of four drug abusers who fall deeper and deeper into addiction, until their bad habits nearly destroy them, costing them everything along the way: their reputations, their dignity, their sense of value and self-worth, their relationships, and their livelihoods. The film captures—ever so acutely—the addictive nature of lust. Lust becomes a cancer that spreads wildly and rapidly. See, the funny thing about lust is that it is never satisfied, never satiated. It never goes away; it never leaves us. When a person tries to fulfill his lustful desires—attempting to put an end to them by fully and finally indulging them—oddly enough, instead of putting out the fire, he nearly stokes the flame. Lust never subtracts; it only adds. More than that, it multiplies. Lust merely breeds more lust; covetous just spawns more covetous. This is the irony of lust: instead of bringing us fulfillment, it confines us to a never-ending state of unfulfillment. Instead of leading us to contentment, it traps us in an endless cycle of discontentment. Through habit and addiction, we train ourselves, we program ourselves, to be incessantly unsatisfied, to be perpetually unhappy. We never have enough. We want more and more and more. We always want something better. We become ungrateful for the things that we do have, unable to find pleasure and happiness in them, unable to find pleasure and happiness in anything—for everything we have, we no longer want. Everything we get our blood-thirsty hands on, we spoil and ruin. So we become disillusioned with the world. We spiral into a profound depression, a thick grey haze. Our lust lied to us; our desires failed us. Neutered, impotent, unfeeling, numb —oh, look what we have become. Like a heroin addict who has built up a tolerance for the powerful drug, we jam the needle into our forearm over and over until we finally feel something. But instead of an intense feeling of euphoria, we feel the gnawing pain of an amputated arm, the loss of something immensely valuable—something that we had taken for granted in a previous life. The pleasure that we consumed, consumed us. Enslaved by our passions, we are soon devoured by them. We are now left with… nothing. This is what the fulfillment of our lust and the end of our pleasure amounts to: nothingness—a void, an abyss, deep and dark, lonesome and alienated. Hedonistic indulgence never really fills us up; it only empties us out—leaving us feeling hollow… or nothing at all. This is exemplified in the moments that immediately follow an experience of great physical or bodily ecstasy—often sober and tranquil, almost sad, almost mournful, almost peaceful if it only lasted. What the wanton pursuit of momentary pleasure and instant gratification often leaves us with is an absence of meaning—meaninglessness, a lack of purpose—purposelessness. The seductive and deceitful path of hedonism ultimately leads us to hopelessness and despair. Conclusion: Hedonism and the Pursuit of Happiness. We live in a world of instant gratification and instant pleasure, where positive stimuli and pleasant sensations, even feelings of ecstasy and euphoria, seemingly await us at every corner—and in every waking, or even sleeping, moment. In the modern world of ease and convenience, endless possibilities of physical indulgence ostensibly lie at our desirous fingertips—all around us, everywhere, at every turn, in any fleeting and flashing second. This free, easy, all-inclusive access to pleasure no doubt comes at a cost—the full consequences of which I have already unpacked. Saint Augustine and Sex. With that said, like wealth and fame, pleasure is not inherently evil. In fact, pleasure is actually a good thing: a gift from God. This is where St. Augustine took a bit of a wrong turn. We see this in his understanding of the nature and purpose of sex, for example, which I am not going to scrupulously dissect in this specific episode. Suffice it to say: Augustine was too reliant upon Plato. This has led to the formation of certain straw man arguments, which are commonly waged against Christianity. This is a complicated subject, however, and it requires much more nuance than I can provide at the moment. What I can say now is that pleasure is a good thing. Like fortune and fame, however, it is easily abused and easily corrupted—especially when it is treated as an end in itself, rather than as a means to or, in some cases, as a byproduct, or consequence, of the pursuit of a higher end. Broadly speaking, Augustine would agree with this. As is often the case, the devil lies in the details. This is where classical forms of hedonism can educate us a bit. To my knowledge, there were two main schools of hedonism in classical Greek philosophy: the Epicurean school and the Cyrenaic school. To keep this brief, the latter was more in line with contemporary forms of hedonism. The Cyrenaic tradition promoted the pursuit of physical stimulation, bodily pleasures, and instant gratification. The former, on the other hand, was more in line with the classical principle of moderation over excess , which involved regulating one's desires, minimizing one's sense of need, and thoughtfully directing one's life towards the goals of peace of mind, contentment, fulfillment, and happiness. To some extent, Epicureanism, or Epicurean hedonism, is the opposite of modern hedonism! Much of our search for pleasure has to do with desire. We are desirous creatures by nature: we have wants, and longings, and cravings, and passions. As I have tried to establish over the last couple episodes, however, even when a person acquires great wealth or achieves the status of celebrity or dives face-first into a sea of a thousand different pleasures all at once, she is still left wanting. There is something in the human spirit that remains unsatisfied, something in the human heart that is left unfulfilled. Ryan Ragozine is the owner of Thinker Sensitive. He is passionate about ecumenical dialogue, inter-religious dialogue, and worldview engagement. Ryan has always been preoccupied with big ideas and big questions. Ryan holds a B. He and his wife are huge proponents of Christian hospitality, running a house church that welcomed people from all different backgrounds and belief systems for five years before eventually pivoting to Thinker Sensitive. His journey The story of Thinker Sensitive Visit about page. Conclusion: Hedonism and the Pursuit of Happiness We live in a world of instant gratification and instant pleasure, where positive stimuli and pleasant sensations, even feelings of ecstasy and euphoria, seemingly await us at every corner—and in every waking, or even sleeping, moment. Saint Augustine and Sex With that said, like wealth and fame, pleasure is not inherently evil. More Weeklies. Visit Blog Page. Ryan Ragozine. Stay in the loop! We send out email notifications when we post a new podcast. Add Comment Submit. 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