Английский язык для экономических специальностей (English for economists) - Иностранные языки и языкознание учебное пособие

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Английский язык для экономических специальностей (English for economists)

Методика обучения английскому языку для чтения и перевода литературы по специальности "Маркетинг и менеджмент". Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении, притяжательные местоимения, сравнительные обороты, правила согласования времен.


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Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку
Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие построено на традиционных принципах методики и предназначено для студентов заочных отделений экономических вузов и факультетов, специализирующихся в области маркетинга и менеджмента, а также для широкого круга специалистов-экономистов, изучающих английский язык.
Основная цель данного пособия - сформировать у обучающихся умение читать и переводить оригинальную литературу по специальности и познакомить с вопросами управления и маркетинга в Англии и США. Тексты уроков подобраны из оригинальных источников.
3. Притяжательный падеж существительных.
5. Неопределенные местоимения much, many, few, little.
1. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении.
2. Имя существительное в общем падеже в функции определения
2. Эмфатический оборот it is (was)... That (who)
3. Text. Product, price, promotion and place: the four p's of marketing
2. Подчинительные союзы и союзные слова.
Text. Territorial and administrative division of government in the united kingdom
1. Participle i (present participle active).
3. Безличные предложения с местоимением it.
4. Особые случаи образования множественного числа существительных.
Text. Production management the "five m's"
1. Правила согласования времен. Косвенная речь.
3. Бессоюзные определительные предложения.
4. This-these, that-those как заменители ранее стоящего существительного.
Text a. How competition benefits us all.
Text b. Competition in many markets: an example.
2. Пассивные конструкции характерные для английского языка.
Text. Management and control of companies
2. Инфинитив в функции определения и обстоятельства.
Text. The sources of business funds
1. Объектный инфинитивный оборот (the objective infinitive construction).
2. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (the subjective infinitive construction).
Text. Small business in the usa: an s-corporation is not always best.
1. Условные предложения (conditional sentences).
2. Бессоюзные условные предложения.
Appendix 1. States of the united states of america
Appendix 2. Counties of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
Appendix 3. Administrative and territorial divisions of the russian federation
Grammar: 1. Глаголы to be, to have.
3. Притяжательный падеж существительных.
5. Неопределенные местоимения much, many, few, little.
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
Hello, John! Hello! `How are you? Thank you, I'm all right;  Thank you, very well; Thank you, `not so well. `How are you doing? `How is business? `Not bad. `How's life? Fine, `thanks. `How do you do? `Good morning! Morning!`Good afternoon! Good evening! Evening! Glad to meet you! `Haven't `seen you for ages! It's `good to `see you again! How `nice to see you again!
2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
to be concerned with - заниматься изучением чего-то
goods and services - товары и услуги
business enterprises - деловое предприятие
sociology - [ sousi`li] - социология
microeconomics - [maikroui:k`nmiks] - микроэкономика
supply and demand - спрос и предложение
a competitive market - рынок конкурирующих продавцов
wage rates - ставки заработной платы
profit margins - коэффициенты прибыльности
rental changes - изменения арендной платы
entrepreneur - фр. [antrpr`n:(r)] - предприниматель
John Maynard Keynes - Джон Мейнард Кейнс
Economics, social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed; history records changes in human objectives; sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. Because, according to Keynes, inadequate aggregate demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
social science; distribution of goods and services; to try to explain; sociology interprets human behavior; to create a multitude of individual prices; to spend their income; as much pleasure as possible; they maximize utility; for their part; to deal with modern explanation; prosperity and depression; demand for goods and services; business investors; according to Keynes; larger budget deficits.
On what problems do economists focus their attention?
What do psychology and ethics try to explain?
What does sociology interpret in social contexts?
Into what fields can be standard economics divided?
How do consumers try to spend their income?
What questions does the second field study?
Who is the author of the book «The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money»?
How does he explain prosperity and depression?
5. Write these phrases in the possessive form, i.e. with ` s or `
6. Give the comparative and superlative of the following:
Example : high -higher - the highest ;
professional - more professional - the most professional.
efficient, rational, modern, total, large, rich, poor, little, good, traditional, important.
7. Translate the following into Russian:
1. There are, however, no «pure» market economies in the world today.
2. Economists note that there is no limit to the amount or kinds of things that people want.
3. There is, however, a limit to the resources.
4. In addition to buyers and sellers, there are several other essential elements in a market economy.
5. There are many buyers and sellers so that no individual or group can control prices.
6. There are two ways to earn income: from your work and from the use of your wealth.
8. Chose the right word to the words given in the first column:
Economists have two ways of looking at economics and economy.
Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole, microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and the business firm.
Each factor of production has a place in our economic system, and each has a particular function.
Price stability refers to times during which prices remain constant.
A budget is a financial plan that summarizes income and expenditures over a period of time.
Saving is one of the most important things that people do with their incomes.
Economic forces also affect decisions in the world of business.
The United States government also employs economists to study economic problems and to suggest ways to solve them.
Consumers are people who use goods and services to satisfy their wants.
Efficiency is a measure of how much we get for what we use.
Demand is a consumer's willingness and ability to buy a product or service at a particular time and place.
A.: Our math professor talks to himself, does yours?
B.: Yes, but he doesn't realize it. He thinks we're listening.
I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go to the other room and read a book.
11. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian:
London (England), city in southeastern England, capital of Great Britain, at the head of the Thames estuary, west of its mouth on the North Sea. London is one of the world's most important financial and cultural centers and is noted for its museums, performing arts, exchange and commodity markets, and insurance and banking functions, as well as a host of specialized services. In popular and traditional usage, the term City of London, or the City, is applied only to a small area (2.59 sq km/1 sq mi) that was the original settlement (ancient Londinium) and is now part of the business and financial district of the metropolis. The City of London and 32 surrounding boroughs form the Greater London metropolitan area, which has an area of 1579 sq km (610 sq mi).
The London Government Act (1963) authorized the creation of a two-tiered government consisting of 32 borough councils and the Greater London Council. The borough councils are locally elected and are responsible for local functions. Until its abolition in 1986, the Greater London Council administered broad functions for the metropolitan area as a whole, such as overall planning, the coordination of transportation systems, and the management of parks. The council comprised 100 councilors, locally elected, and 15 aldermen, elected by the councilors.
The historic Corporation of the City of London is equivalent in function to a borough council. Since the reign of King John in the 13 th century, citizens of the City of London have had the right to elect their own mayor. The corporation government is composed of the Lord mayor, who is elected annually by members of the livery companies (guilds); 25 aldermen, who are elected for life; and 153 council members, who are elected annually from 25 wards.
Grammar :1. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении.
2. Имя существительное в общем падеже в функции определения
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
Good bye! `Bye bye! `So long! `See you soon! `See you later! `See you tomorrow! I `hope we'll `see some more of you! Good night! Good day! Re`member me to...
`May I intro`duce `Mr. N.? `How do you do? `Glad to meet you. `Pleased to meet you. Please, intro`duce me to your friend. `Let me intro`duce you to `Doctor M. `Meet `Mr F. `Meet my friend, `Doctor M.
`Many thanks. `Thanks a lot. `That's nice of you. `Not at all! `That's all right! `Don't mention it!
2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
private property - частная собственность
means of production - средства производства
polling booth - кабина для голосования
to undersell - продавать по сниженной цене
A Market, or free enterprise economy is one in which the decisions of many individual buyers and sellers interact to determine the answers to the questions of What, How and Who.
In addition to buyers and sellers, there are several other essential elements in a market economy. One of these is private property. By «private property» we mean the right of individuals and business firms to own the means of productions. Although markets exist in traditional and command economies, the major means of productions (firms, factories, farms, mines, etc.) are usually publicly owned. That is, they are owned by groups of people or by the government. In a market economy the means of production are owned by private individuals. Private ownership gives people the incentive to use their property to produce things that will sell and earn them a profit.
This desire to earn profit is a second ingredient in market economy. Often referred to as the profit motive, it provides the fuel that drives sellers to produce the things that buyers want, and at a price they are willing to pay.
The profit motive also gives sellers the incentive to produce at the lowest possible cost. Why? Because lower costs enable them to (1) increase their profit margins, the difference between cost and selling price, or (2) reduce prices to undersell during the competition, or (3) both.
Economists often compare markets to polling booths. However, unlike the booths in which people vote for politicians, markets provide a kind of economic polling booth for buyers to cast their votes (in the form of purchases) for the goods and services they want. Producers who interpret the votes correctly by producing the things that buyers demand can earn profits. Those who interpret the voting incorrectly, producing too much or too little, or charging a price that is too high or too low, do not earn profits. In fact, they often lose money.
Consumer votes can be a matter of life and death to business in a market economy.
the decisions of many individual buyers and sellers interact; essential elements; the right to own the means of production; to exist in traditional and command economies; publicly owned; the incentive to use their property; the desire to earn profits; often referred to; to drive sellers to produce the things; the lowest possible cost; to increase their profit margins; unlike the booth; to vote for politicians; to cast their votes; to interpret the voting incorrectly; too much or too little; to lose money; a matter of life and death to business.
What is a market, or free enterprise?
Are there several other essential elements in a market economy?
What do we mean by «private property»?
Who own the major means of production?
What does private ownership give people?
Why does the profit motive give sellers the incentive to produce at the lowest possible cost?
To what do economists often compare markets?
5. Translate the following into Russian:
1. a market economy, a command economy, business firms, profit motive, profit margins, price theory, wage rates, rental changes, business investors, budget deficits, production materials, wage incentive programs, Austrian - American management, consultant, consumer interests, government planners, computer experts, industry specialists.
2. consumption of goods, fields of study, the interplay of supply and demand, explanation of prosperity and depression, demand for goods and services, means of production, lines of responsibility, the purchase of equipment, provision of work, sale of products, utilization of computers.
6. Put in the missing verbs and possessive forms:
1. I come from Russia ... language is Russian.
2. He ... from Poland ... language is Polish.
3. You come from Sweden ... language is Swedish.
4. They ... from Norway ... language is Norwegian.
5. We come from Denmark ... language is Danish.
6. I come from Greece ... language is Greek.
7. He ... from Holland ... language is Dutch.
8. She ... from Germany ... language is German.
9. They come from China ... language is Chinese.
10. We ... from Spain ... language is Spanish.
11. He ... from Japan ... language is Japanese.
12. We come from England ... language is English.
7. Make ten questions, using these question words:
Who? What? Where? Why? How many? What kind of? What is the difference? Is there? Are there? Have you?
8. Read the text and retell the contents in Russian:
Keynes, John Maynard, 1 st Baron Keynes of Tilton (1883-1946), British economist.
Keynes was born in Cambridge, England, and educated at Eton College and the University of Cambridge. He began his career in the India Office of the British government and wrote a highly regarded book, Indian Currency and Finance (1913). During World War I he worked in the treasury, which he represented at the Paris Peace Conference (1919). During the next decade he made a fortune speculating in international currencies, taught at Cambridge, and wrote Treatise on Probability (1921), a mathematical work, and A Treatise on Money (1930). In the latter, he sought to explain why an economy operates so unevenly, with frequent cycles of booms and depressions. Keynes closely examined the problem of prolonged depression in his major work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). This book, which provided a theoretical defense for programs that were already being tried in Great Britain and by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S., proposed that no self-correcting mechanism to lift an economy out of a depression existed. It stated that unused savings prolonged economic stagnation and that business investment was spurred by new inventions, new markets, and other influences not related to the interest rate on savings. Keynes proposed that government spending must compensate for insufficient business investment in times of recession.
Shortly after Great Britain entered World War II, Keynes published How to Pay for the War (1940), in which he urged that a portion of every wage earner's pay should automatically be invested in government bonds. In 1942 he was made a baron, and two years later he headed the British delegation to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the Bretton Woods Conference. There he promoted establishment of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund.
Keynes's ideas have profoundly influenced the economic policies of many governments since World War II, and many consider his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money one of the most significant theoretical works of the 20 th century.
2. Эмфатический оборот it is (was)... that (who) ...
1. Read the sentences given below. Mind the stress and intonation in them:
There are `nineteen `large `lecture `halls in the `central `building. There are `one `hundred and `forty audi`toriums for `groups to `study.
There is `no `newspaper on the table. There is `nothing on the  table.
Is there a `computer `centre in the `college? There were some scien`tific la`boratories `here last year. `What is there on the floor?
`How `many `parks are there in this `city? There are `many of them.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
to be responsible for - быть ответственным за
manufacturer - производитель, изготовитель
needs and desires - нужды и желания
with regard to - относительно, что касается
promotion - стимулирование, продвижение товара
to supervise - наблюдать за чем-либо
warehouse - товарный склад, оптовый магазин
Marketing, activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer. The producer is responsible for the design and manufacture of goods. Early marketing techniques followed production and were responsible only for moving goods from the manufacturer to the point of final sale. Now, however, marketing is much more pervasive. In large corporations the marketing functions precede the manufacture of a product. They involve market research and product development, design, and testing.
Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to the availability of products and to important product features, developing strategies to persuade them to buy, and, finally, enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase. Marketing management includes planning, organizing, directing, and controlling decision making regarding product lines, pricing, promotion, and servicing. In most of these areas marketing has complete control; in others, as in product-line development, its function is primarily advisory. In addition, the marketing department of a business firm is responsible for the physical distribution of the products, determining the channels of distribution that will be used and supervising the profitable flow of goods from the factory or warehouse.
Activities involved in getting goods; is responsible for the design; early marketing techniques; to the point of final stage; is much more pervasive; in large corporations; precede the manufacture of a product; testing; with regard to the availability of product; enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase; marketing management; regarding product lines; promotion; its function is primarily advisory; the marketing department; physical distribution; the profitable flow of goods.
4. Compose the questions using the following words:
2. the producer, is, for what, responsible?
3. early marketing technique, did, what, follow?
4. the manufacture of a profit, where, precede, the marketing functions, do?
6. does, on, what, concentrate, marketing?
7. what, marketing management, does, include?
8. marketing, complete control, has, when?
9. the marketing department of a business firm, responsible for the physical distribution of the products, is?
5. Form the Past Indefinite Tense of the following verbs:
to involve, to be, to precede, to concentrate, to buy, to get, to make, to have, to select, to contribute, to try, to assume, to spend, to give, to increase.
6. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Indefinite Tense and translate the sentences:
1. Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece (to write) about problems of wealth, property, and trade.
2. The Romans (to borrow) their economic ideas from the Greeks and (to show) the same contempt for trade.
3. In ancient and medieval times dire scarcity of resources (to be) common and (to affect) the lives of most human beings.
4. In England, Parliament (to pass) a Statute of Monopolies (1624).
5. The Second development (to be) the expansion of production that (to follow) the Industrial Revolution.
6. Cartels (to originate) in Germany during the 1870s.
7. As business (to become) more competitive, new and more complex corporate combinations (to come) on the scene.
7. Put all possible questions to the sentence:
1. During World War II the government of Germany utilized domestic cartels to produce armaments.
8. Translate into Russian paying attention to the emphatic construction «it is ... that ...»:
2. It is the planners who decide what goods and services will be produced.
3. It is the planners, too, with guidance from the country's political leadership, who decide who will receive the goods and services produced.
4. It was at this time (1936) that Keynes' work was published.
5. Indeed, it is from the early 1970s, when dйtente began to take shape.
10. Use hundred, thousand, million with the words in brackets:
300 (dollar); 400 (pound); 10,000 (rouble); 500,000 (woman); 2,000,000 (man); 6,700 (child); 1,000 (computer).
March 8, 1991; June 22, 1941; May 9, 1945; April 12,1961; January 1, 2000.
A: Did the play have a happy ending?
B: Yes, everybody was happy when it ended.
B: Well, did he pass the examination this time?
A: No, but he is almost at the top of the list of those who failed.
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
`What's the time? `What time is it now? Can you `tell me the exact time? It's two o'clock. No, it's half past two. Ex`cuse me, it's `not `half past two, it's a `quarter past two. I'm `not quite `sure, it's a `quarter past two. I'm afraid it's a `quarter to three already. I `haven't `got a watch.
What date is it today? It's the 10 th of November. What day of the `week is it? It is `Monday. Are you sure it's the `tenth of November and it's `Monday today? Yes, I am. Quite. Not at all.
`What's the weather like today? `How is it outside? It's not warm today. It was warm yesterday. The `day was `beautiful and sunny. It's going to rain.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
sophisticated - опытный, фальсифицированный
a sample of consumers - обследуемая группа покупателей
to typify - [`tipifai] - служить типичным примером
fixed expenses - постоянные затраты
variable expenses - переменные затраты
a break-even point - точка самоокупаемости, точка критического объема производства
Text. Product, Price, Promotion and Place: The Four P's of Marketing
The total marketing concept involves four steps, or, as they are often called, the four P's of marketing - product, price, promotion and place.
Product. The place to begin is with the product itself. A business must determine what kind of product potential customers want. Companies employ very complex market research techniques to find out. Surveys by phone, mail, or personal interview can reveal, exactly, what's on the consumer's mind. The product warranty card that you return after a purchase provides marketing information too. Sophisticated research mathematics applied to a sample of consumers can typify the rest of the consumers. If we can find out what a few want, we can assume the others in the group of population will want the same things. Deciding who should be in the sample is the problem. Researchers have very detailed formulas for constructing marketing samples.
Price. Another major part of marketing is price. Companies have to decide on a product price that will cover all costs and also return a profit. Included in costs are such fixed expenses as rent and insurance. Variable expenses must be anticipated too. Those include the costs of material and commissions. These costs are used to compute a break-even point - the point at which income from sales equals fixed and variable expenses. On one side of this point, the company will have a net loss and on the other side, a net profit.
Promotion. Promotion is a key part of marketing because it is the way business get their messages to consumers.
Businesses would like to see steady growth rather than sudden surges in business. One function of promotion is to maintain a steady and growing demand. Promotions through advertising in the media, direct mailings or through personal contact are a few of the ways producers make their products known to consumers. If consumers don't know about a product, they won't buy it. Through advertising, businesses tell people what products are available. Advertising even gives them reasons to buy.
Place. The final part of marketing, the fourth «P», is place. For a product to be useful, it has to be in place when and where it is needed. That should seem obvious. To sell products, business must anticipate «when» and «where» consumers will buy them. A hot dog at a baseball game on a sunny afternoon is an example of excellent product placement. A lemonade stand in the winter is not. Hot dogs have less value after the game, and lemonade has more value in the summer.
Общее понятие маркетинга включает четыре момента; потенциальные покупатели; исследования по телефону, по почте; на уме покупателя; обследуемая группа покупателей; чего хотят немногие; очень подробные формулы; покрывать все издержки; такие постоянные затраты как рента и страхование; вычислить точку самоокупаемости; ключевая часть маркетинга; в средствах массовой информации; предприятия должны предвидеть.
4. Ask questions for these answers (work in pairs):
The total marketing concept involves four steps.
They are product, price, promotion and place.
Surveys by phone, mail, or personal interview can reveal it.
The product warranty card provides marketing information too.
Variable expenses must be anticipated too.
A break-even point is the point at which income from sales equals fixed and variable expenses.
Promotion is a key part of marketing.
Advertising gives people reasons to buy products.
To sell products, businesses must anticipate «when» and «where» consumers will buy them.
5. Translate the following into Russian:
Business firms collect information about the market to forecast potential sales
Before finished goods can be sold, they must be selected and purchased.
Goods must be shipped to the place where they are sold.
Goods must be advertised, promoted and sold.
Business firms had more goods than they can sell in a single day. These must be stored until they are sold.
Cash or credit must be found to pay for the goods the business intends to sell.
«Standardizing» is establishing uniform specifications for a product or a service. «Grading» is classifying products by quality and size.
People in business risk loss if things fail to go as planned. Steps taken to limit these risks fall into this category.
6. Write out these sentences putting the verb in brackets into the future tense:
1. The study of economics (to help) you to understand economic forces better.
2. Cleaning up the river (to require) a major effort, and considerable expense.
3. A change in the price of one item (to result) in a shift in the demand for a substitute.
4. An increase in production costs (to have) the opposite effect - supply (to decrease).
5. As long as supply and demand remain unchanged, the equilibrium of market price (to remain) constant.
7. Make the sentences (a) interrogative, (b) negative:
1. They will try to economize to get the most from what they have.
2. Economics will also help you to fulfill your responsibilities as a citizen in a democracy.
3. Economists will agree that unemployment is bad.
4. Entrepreneurs will try to run their businesses to earn the greatest profits.
8. Fill in the blanks with the verbs «can», «may», «must», «have to», «to be able (to)»:
Liquidity is a measure of the ease with which you ____ convert your savings to cash.
Since a society cannot have everything, it ____ decide which goods and services it will have now.
Americans ____ to own property for business purposes and use it to produce income.
Most producers ____ make more than one product.
Such systems ____ characterize isolated tribes or groups, or even entire countries.
Unable to compete with the Japanese, the company ____ to go out of business.
Any number of persons ____ contract to form a partnership.
You ____ earn the income to buy the things you want.
The number and value of things we ____ to buy depends upon the size of our income and how wisely we spend it.
Most of the time, we ____ to keep track of our expenditures so we ____ to meet our immediate needs.
9. Translate the following sentence
Английский язык для экономических специальностей (English for economists) учебное пособие. Иностранные языки и языкознание.
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