Angela Brazil

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The Fortunes of Philippa
The Nicest Girl in the School


^ Until her father's death the name was pronounced like the country, but Angela decided that the emphasis should be on the first syllable. [1] : 13

^ Freeman repeatedly gives Brazil's year of birth as 1869. [1] : 13 [2] : 114 . She was born on St. Andrew's Day , 30 November. That she was born in 1868 is confirmed from the registry of births, [3] census entries, and from the date of birth she gave for the 1939 Register . [4] The error appears to have arisen as, while she was born in 1868, her birth was only registered by her father in Preston on 9 January 1869. [3] [5] This was a longer interval between birth and registration than was normal, but there may have been domestic factors that led to delay.

^ The Jisc Library Hub Discover brings together the catalogues of 165 Major UK and Irish libraries. Additional libraries are being added all the time, and the catalogue collates national, university, and research libraries. [21] [22]

^ A play for children. Reissued by Patterson in 1913. [2] : 115

^ A play for children. Reissued by Patterson in 1913, and again in 1920. [2] : 115

^ Listed by Daniel Kirkpatrick as a play, but may just be recitations. [2] : 115

^ A play for children. [2] : 115

^ A play for children. Reissued by Patterson in 1913. [2] : 115

^ Not a school story, although some of the action takes place in school. First edition was illustrated in colour by the Brazil sisters. A new edition in 1915 (Henry Frowde, Hodder, and Stoughton) was illustrated in colour by N. Tenison . [23]

^ Based on the experiences of Brazil's mother when she first came to England from South America. Written before A Terrible Tomboy but not published until 1906. [24]

^ Her most popular book, which sold 153,000 copies. [1] : 22

^ Not a school story. No Jisc or WorldCat entries found. Gay and Bird were a stationers and publishers that typically published small novelty items, typically for games or for recording something, such as left handed autographs, [25] vehicle log books etc. [26] They even published the Thumb o'Graphs a book with a single page of text, an ink pad attached to the covers, and one page of instructions for taken the impressions of the thumbs of your friends and acquaintances on the many blank pages. [27] This item formed the centre-piece for R. Austin Freeman 's Red Thumb Mark . [28] The English Catalogue of Books records that Dow & Lester published My School Record , a small (16º) book in September 1909, priced at one shilling, with no author given. [29] Judging by their other products, this was probably set out in sections for recording the purchaser's life in school, possibly with some encouraging words from Brazil.

^ Not a school story, but based at the seaside.

^ Linked to the Merle pair of stories.

^ Sims and Clare provisionally give the illustrator as Treyer Davis, [20] but Robert Kirkpatrick lists this as one of four Brazil books illustrated by John W. Campbell. [30] : 111-113

^ Not a school story, Cooper and Cooper give the illustrator as George Morrow. [31]

^ Not a school story. Not listed in the Jisc catalogue. Not listed in the English Catalogue of Books for 1919, although three other new books and one reissue by Brazil are listed. [32]

^ Not a school story. Not listed in the Jisc catalogue. Not listed in the English Catalogue of Books for 1919, although three other new books and one reissue by Brazil are listed. [32]

^ Linked to the Merle pair of stories.

^ Not a school story.

^ Not a school story. Tells the story of a small girl who is washed ashore after her ship is torpedoed. Appeared first in a Nelson anthology The Chummy Book in 1918, and later as a separate volume. [1] : 155

^ First part of the Merle pair of stories.

^ Second part of the Merle pair of stories.

^ School in the South and linked works. Published in the US as The Jolliest School of All , (1923, Stokes, New York). [32]

^ Short Stories, not set in school. The Khaki Boys first appeared in Nelson's anthology The Jolly Book in 1918. [1] : 155

^ Brazil's autobiography.

^ Linked to School in the South.

^ Short stories set in school.

^ First part of the Rachel pair of stories.

^ Second part of the Rachel pair of stories.

^ First part of the Little Green School pair of stories.

^ Reissued as Amanda’s New School, Armada, 1970. [2] : 115

^ Second part of the Little Green School pair of stories.

^ Dixon was a prolific English book illustrator. He illustrated four Brazil stories for Blackie and Son and another two by Elsie J. Oxenham . [30] : 135-141 Horne calls his illustrations conventional and unexceptional , [35] Peppin says that his book illustrations were mainly in full colour or half tone and that they were conventional and prosaic with sentimental overtones, but generally competent. [36]




^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Freeman, Gillian (1976). The Schoolgirl Ethic; The Life and Work of Angela Brazil . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0 7139 0741 X . Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via The Internet Archive .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Freeman, Gillian (1983). "Brazil, Angela". In Kirkpatrick, Daniel L. (ed.). Twentieth Century Children's Writers (2nd ed.). New York: St Martin's Press – via The Internet Archive .

^ Jump up to: a b c "No 365: Angela to Clarence Brazile and Angelica Brazil formerly McKinnell". 1869 Births in the District of Preston in the County of Lancaster . London: General Register Office. 1869.

^ National Archives (29 September 1939). 1939 Register: Reference: RG 101/486D E.D. QDOF . Kew: National Archives.

^ "Index entry" . FreeBMD . ONS. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 1 August 2020 .

^ Brown, Susan; Clements, Patricia; Grundy, Isobel, eds. (2006). "Angela Brazil entry: Overview" . Orlando: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 .

^ A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1, by Florence Tamagne, page 124

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Briggs, Julia; Butts, Dennis; Grenby, M. O.; Anderson, Brian (2008). Popular Children's Literature in Britain . Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84014-242-6 .

^ Freeman

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Angela Brazil (1868–1947)" . Literary Heritage: West Midlands . Shrewsbury, England: Shropshire Council. 28 March 2005. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 .

^ Brazil, Angela (1925). My Own Schooldays . London: Blackie and Son . OCLC 83241758 . As cited in [[#rwebermitchell
|Weber and Mitchell (1995)]], p. 79, which cited [[#rfreeman
|Freeman (1976)]], p. 18.

^ Jump up to: a b Weber, Sandra J.; Mitchell, Claudia (1995). That's Funny, You Don't Look Like a Teacher!: Interrogating Images and Identity in Popular Culture . London: Falmer Press . ISBN 978-0-7507-0412-0 .

^ Jump up to: a b Sage, Lorna; Greer, Germaine; Showalter, Elaine (1999). The Cambridge guide to women's writing in English . New York: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0-521-66813-1 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Foster, Shirley; Simons, Judy (1995). What Katy read: feminist re-readings of "classic" stories for girls . Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press . ISBN 0-87745-493-0 .

^ Singh, Rashna B. (2004). Goodly is Our Heritage: Children's Literature, Empire, and the Certitude of Character . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press . p. 202. ISBN 0-8108-5043-5 .

^ Jump up to: a b Tamagne, Florence (2006). A History of Homosexuality in Europe: Berlin, London, Paris, 1919–1939 . New York: Algora Publishing . ISBN 0-87586-356-6 .

^ Anatol, Giselle Liza (2003). Reading Harry Potter . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0-313-32067-5 .

^ Gunn, Katharine (May 1990). "The Schoolgirl Stories of Angela Brazil". Book and Magazine Collector . London: Diamond Publishing (74).

^ [[#rgunn
|Gunn (1990)]], as quoted in Kruse, Bill. "Big Bill's Angela Brazil Stuff!" . Archived from the original on 13 August 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b Sims, Sue; Clare, Hilary (2020). "Angela Brazil". The Encyclopaedia of Girls' School Stories . Coleford, Radstock: Girls Gone By Publishers. pp. 100–105.

^ "About Library Hub Discover" . Library Hub Discover . Archived from the original on 3 March 2020 . Retrieved 25 July 2020 .

^ "Libraries on Discover: Contributing libraries list" . Library Hub Discover . 25 July 2020. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020 . Retrieved 31 July 2020 .

^ Christmas and Gift Books . The Scotsman . 5 December 1904. p. 3. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive .

^ Doyle, Brian (1968). "The Authors: Brazil, Angela". The Who's Who of Children's Literature . London: Hugh Evelyn Ltd. p. 35 . Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via The Internet Archive .

^ "Miscellaneous Works" . The Scotsman (Thursday 10 December 1908): 3. 10 December 1908. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive .

^ "The Motorists Daily Record of Runs" . Dundee Courier (Saturday 23 June 1906): 6. 23 June 1906. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive .

^ "Thumb o'Graphs" . Morning Post (Tuesday 29 November 1904): 5. 29 November 1904. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive .

^ Freeman, Richard Austin (1907). The Red Thumb Mark . London: Printed by Collingwood Brothers. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2020 .

^ The English Catalogue of Books: 1909 . London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd. 1910. p. 190 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via The Internet Archive .

^ Jump up to: a b Kirkpatrick, Robert J. (2019). The Men Who Drew For Boys (And Girls): 101 Forgotten Illustrators of Children's Books: 1844-1970 . London: Robert J. Kirkpatrick. pp. 135–141.

^ Cooper, John; Cooper, Jonathan (1998). "Angela Brazil (1869-1947). British.". Children's Fiction 1900-1950 . London: Routledge. pp. 46–47 . Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via The Internet Archive .

^ Jump up to: a b c The English Catalogue of Books: 1919 . London: The Publishers Circular, Limited. 1920. p. 35 . Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via The Internet Archive .

^ "Wills and Probates 1858-1996: Pages for Dixon and the year of death 1959" . Find a Will Service . Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 12 August 2020 .

^ Holland, Steve. "Arthur A. Dixon: Artist" . Look and Learn . Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 12 August 2020 .

^ Horne, Alan (1994). The Dictionary of 20th Century British Book Illustrators . Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club. p. 168. ISBN 1-85149-108-2 .

^ Peppin, Bridget; Micklethwait, Lucy (6 June 1905). Dictionary of British Book Illustrators: The Twentieth Centrury . London: John Murray. pp. 86–86. ISBN 0-7195-3985-4 . Retrieved 12 August 2020 – via The Internet Archive .

^ "Womans Hour (44.25 min onwards)" . BBC . Retrieved 2 June 2021 .

^ "UnNatural History" . Culture Space Coventry . Retrieved 2 June 2021 .



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Angela Brazil (pronounced "brazzle") [note 1] (30 November 1868 – 13 March 1947) [note 2] was one of the first British writers of "modern schoolgirls' stories ", written from the characters' point of view and intended primarily as entertainment rather than moral instruction. [6] In the first half of the 20th century she published nearly 50 books of girls' fiction, the vast majority being boarding school stories . She also published numerous short stories in magazines.

Her books were commercially successful, widely read by pre-adolescent girls, and influenced them. [ citation needed ] Though interest in girls' school stories waned after World War II , her books remained popular until the 1960s. They were seen as disruptive and a negative influence on moral standards by some figures in authority during the height of their popularity, and in some cases were banned, or indeed burned, by headmistresses in British girls' schools. [7]

While her stories have been much imitated in more recent decades, and many of her motifs and plot elements have since become clichés or the subject of parody, they were innovative when they first appeared. Brazil made a major contribution to changing the nature of fiction for girls. She presented a young female point of view which was active, aware of current issues and independent-minded; she recognised adolescence as a time of transition, and accepted girls as having common interests and concerns which could be shared and acted upon.

Angela Brazil was born on 30 November 1858, at her home, 1 West Cliff, Preston, Lancashire . [3] [8] : 166 [9] She was the youngest child of Clarence Brazil, a mill manager, and Angelica McKinnel, the daughter of the owner of a shipping line in Rio de Janeiro , who had a Spanish mother. Angela was the youngest of four siblings including sister Amy, and two brothers, Clarence and Walter.

Her father Clarence was distant, seldom involved himself in his children's affairs, and saw himself primarily as a provider for the material well-being of the family and responsible for ensuring the children were appropriately schooled in religious tradition. [1] : 51 She was primarily influenced by her mother, Angelica, who had suffered during her Victorian English schooling, and was determined to bring up her children in a liberated, creative and nurturing manner, encouraging them to be interested in literature, music and botany, a departure from the typical distant attitude towards children adopted by parents in the Victorian era. Angela was treated with great affection by her sister Amy from an early age, and Amy effected an immense, perhaps dominating influence on Angela throughout her life. [1] : 14

The family moved around the mill towns of south-east Lancashire , following her father's work opportunities. They lived in Manchester and Bolton , before settling in Bury . [10]

She commenced her education at age four at Miss Knowle's Select Ladies School in Preston , but lasted only a half-day. Having been brought up to express herself freely, she shocked the younger Miss Knowles by removing the teacher's hair pins while sitting on her knee, an action little in keeping with the strict disciplinarian ethos of the school. [1] : 17 She was enrolled in The Turrets in Wallasey. [10]

She was briefly at Manchester Secondary School and finally at Ellerslie , a fairly exclusive girls' school in Malvern , where she boarded in her later adolescence. [10]

Her memories of her own schooldays were her most treasured, and she retained aspects of that period of her life into her adult years: [8] : 166

To be able to write for young people depends, I consider, largely upon whether you are able to retain your early attitude of mind while acquiring a certain facility with your pen. It is a mistake ever to grow up! I am still an absolute schoolgirl in my sympathies. [11] [12]

Her post-school education was at Heatherley School of Fine Art in London, where she studied with her sister Amy. It is possible she took a position as a governess , but mostly lived with her family. After her father's death, in 1899, the family moved to the Conwy valley , and she travelled with her mother in Europe. [10]

Brazil first starting writing at age 10, producing a magazine with her close childhood friend Leila Langdale, which was modelled on Little Folks , a children's publication of the time she was very fond of. The two girls' 'publication' included riddles, short stories and poems. Both girls wrote serials within their magazine; Brazil's was called Prince Azib . Later in life Brazil published in Little Folks . [1] : 54–55

She began writing seriously for children in her 30s. Her first school story was The Fortunes of Philippa , which was based on the experiences of her mother. It was not published until 1906, [8] : 166 and her first published children's novel was A Terrible Tomboy (1904). [13] : 85

She spent most of her time with her mother until her death, and thereafter with her elder sister Amy, and brother Walter. She had only two major friendships outside the family circle, one of which started in her school days and the other in her 30s. Both friends were schoolgirls when the friendships first commenced. [1] : 36

She moved to 1 The Quadrant, Coventry in 1911, with her brother and they were joined by her sister Amy upon their mother's death in 1915. [10] Brazil became a well-known figure in the local area. [8] : 167

She was well known in Coventry high society as a hostess and threw parties for adults, with a greater number of female guests, at which children's food and games were featured. She had no children of her own but also hosted many parties for children. [8] : 167

She read widely and collected early children's fiction; her collection is now in Coventry library. She took great interest in local history and antiquities, and also involved herself in charity work. [8] : 167 She was an early conservationist, taking an interest in both the preservation of land and monuments, worked for the City of Coventry Cathedral and the Y.W.C.A, and was a founding member of the City Guild. [1] : 16

She was quite late in taking up writing, developing a strong interest in Welsh mythology, and at first wrote a few magazine articles on mythology and nature - due most likely to spending holidays in a cottage in Wales.

Her first publication was a book of four children's plays entitled The M
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