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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament
"Saint Andrew" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Andrew (disambiguation) .
St Andrew (c. 1611) by Peter Paul Rubens
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Andrew the Apostle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( August 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

^ Bible: Mark 13:3 ; Bible: John 6:8 , Bible: 12:22 ; but in Acts of the Apostles there is only one mention of him. Bible: Acts 1:13

^ The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in Dvornik 1958

^ According to Réau 1958 , p. 79, St. Andrew's Cross appeared for the first time in the tenth century, but did not become an iconographic standard before the seventeenth. Calvert 1984 was unable to find a sculptural representation of Andrew on the saltire cross earlier than an architectural capital from Quercy, of the early twelfth century.




^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "St. Andrew". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 May. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Andrew . Accessed 1 December 2021.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Cattedrale di Sarzana" .

^ Jump up to: a b c Williams & Maxwell 2018 , p. 300.

^ "Dukhrana – Andreas/Andrew/ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ" . Dukhrana.com . Retrieved 9 September 2020 .

^ "BBC – History – St Andrew" . www.bbc.co.uk .

^ Apostolic Succession of the Great Church of Christ , Ecumenical Patriarchate, archived from the original on 19 July 2014 , retrieved 2 August 2014

^ Turnbull, Michael T. R. B. (31 July 2009). "Saint Andrew" . BBC- Religions . BBC . Retrieved 25 November 2019 .

^ Henderson, Emma (30 November 2015). "St Andrew's Day: 5 facts about St Andrew you need to know" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2018 .

^ "Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints , Vol. III" .

^ Jump up to: a b "General Audience of 14 June 2006: Andrew, the "Protoclete" | BENEDICT XVI" . www.vatican.va .

^ Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 27.

^ Bible: Matt 4:18–22

^ Bible: Mark 1:16–20

^ Bible: Luke 5:1–11

^ Bible: Luke 5:7

^ Bible: Luke 6:14

^ Matthew Poole's Commentary on Luke 5, accessed 19 February 2017

^ Bible: John 1:35–42

^ Jump up to: a b c "National Shrine of St Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland" . Stmaryscathedral.co.uk . Retrieved 30 November 2017 .

^ Bible: John 6:8

^ Bible John 12:20–22

^ Jump up to: a b c MacRory 1907 .

^ Bible: Mark 13:3

^ "Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο" .

^ Ferguson 2013 , p. 51.

^ In Monumenta Germaniae Historica II, cols. 821–847, translated in M.R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford) reprinted 1963:369.

^ Calvert 1984 , p. 545, note 12.

^ Christodoulou, Alexandros. "St. Andrew, Christ’s First-Called Disciple", Pemptousia Archived 17 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine

^ National Archives of Scotland (23 November 2011). "St. Andrew in the National Archives of Scotland" . Nas.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 .

^ "Η ΤΙΜΙΑ ΚΑΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΥ ΑΝΔΡΕΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΚΛΗΤΟΥ" . i-m-patron.gr .

^ "La croix de Saint André" . Vexil.prov.free.fr . Retrieved 6 September 2013 .

^ Denoël 2004 .

^ "Abbaye Saint-Victor de Marseille, monuments historiques en France (in French)" . Monumentshistoriques.free.fr . Retrieved 6 September 2013 .

^ Relic of St. Andrew Given to Greek Orthodox Church . Zenit News Agency (via Zenit.org). Published: 27 February 2006.

^ Peterson 1958 , p. 20.

^ Rapp 2003 , p. 433.

^ Djobadze 1976 , pp. 82–83.

^ "Apostolos Andreas Monastery, Karpaz, North Cyprus" . Whatson-northcyprus.com . Retrieved 13 August 2012 .

^ Stan & Turcescu 2007 , p. 48.

^ Lytvynchuk, Janna. St. Andrew's Church , p. 7, Kyiv: Anateya, 2006, ISBN 966-8668-22-7

^ Parker Lawson 1848 , p. 169.

^ "The Calendar" . The Church of England . Retrieved 27 March 2021 .

^ Noegel & Wheeler 2002 , p. 86.

^ Karen King (2003). "Introduction". The Gospel of Mary Magdala: Jesus and the First Woman Apostle . Polebridge . Retrieved 28 February 2022 .

^ Maurice Casey (3 December 2010). Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching . A & C Black . p. 536. ISBN 9780567645173 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 .



Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints . 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4
Calvert, Judith (1984). "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross". The Art Bulletin . 66 (4): 543–555. doi : 10.1080/00043079.1984.10788208 . ISSN 0004-3079 .
Denoël, Charlotte (2004). Saint André: culte et iconographie en France, Ve-XVe siècles . École nationale des chartes. ISBN 978-2-900791-73-8 .
Dvornik, Francis (1958). The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew . Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-88402-004-2 .
Djobadze, Wachtang Z. (1976). "Materials for the Study of Georgian Monasteries in the Western Environs of Antioch on the Orontes". Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium . Louvain. 372, subsidia 48.: 82–83.
Ferguson, Everett (2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61158-2 .
MacRory, Joseph (1907). "St. Andrew (1)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Metzger, Bruce M. ; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 0-19-504645-5 .
Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon M. (2002). Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism . Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0810843059 .
Parker Lawson, John (1848). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyroodhouse . H. Courtoy.
Peterson, Peter M. (1958). Andrew, brother of Simon Peter: His history and legends . Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-26579-0 .
Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts . Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1318-9 .
Réau, Louis (1958). Iconographie de l'art chrétien [ Iconography of Christian Art ] (in French). Vol. III.1. Paris.
Stan, Lavinia; Turcescu, Lucian (2007). Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804217-4 .
Williams, Nicola; Maxwell, Virginia (2018). Florence & Tuscany . Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-78701-193-9 .

Andrew the Apostle ( Greek : Ἀνδρέας Andreas ; Aramaic : ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ [4] ), also called Saint Andrew , was an apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament . He is the brother of Simon Peter . [5] He is referred to in the Orthodox tradition as the First-Called ( Greek : Πρωτόκλητος , Prōtoklētos ).

According to Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople . [6]

The name " Andrew " ( Greek : manly, brave, from ἀνδρεία, Andreia , "manhood, valour"), like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews and other Hellenized people of Judea . No Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him.

Andrew the Apostle was born between 5 and 10 AD [7] in Bethsaida , in Galilee . [8] The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter , [9] and likewise a son of Jonah. "The first striking characteristic of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, as might have been expected, but Greek, indicative of a certain cultural openness in his family that cannot be ignored. We are in Galilee, where the Greek language and culture are quite present." [10]

Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he will make them " fishers of men " ( Greek : ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων , halieis anthrōpōn ). [11] At the beginning of Jesus' public life, they were said to have occupied the same house at Capernaum .

In the Gospel of Matthew [12] and in the Gospel of Mark [13] Simon Peter and Andrew were both called together to become disciples of Jesus and "fishers of men". These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship.

In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke [14] Andrew is not named, nor is reference made to Simon having a brother. In this narrative, Jesus initially used a boat, solely described as being Simon's, as a platform for preaching to the multitudes on the shore and then as a means to achieving a huge trawl of fish on a night which had hitherto proved fruitless. The narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat ( they signalled to their partners in the other boat … [15] but it is not until the next chapter [16] that Andrew is named as Simon's brother. However, it is generally understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole , in his Annotations on the Holy Bible , stressed that 'Luke denies not that Andrew was there'. [17]

In contrast, the Gospel of John [18] states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist , whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, to follow Jesus. Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah , and hastened to introduce him to his brother. [19] The Byzantine Church honours him with the name Protokletos , which means "the first called". [10] Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate , they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus.

Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus. [a] Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes, [20] and when Philip wanted to tell Jesus about certain Greeks seeking Him, he told Andrew first. [21] Andrew was present at the Last Supper . [22] Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to ask about the signs of Jesus' return at the "end of the age". [23]

Eusebius in his Church History 3.1 quoted Origen as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia . The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river as far as Kiev , and from there he travelled to Novgorod . Hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine , Romania and Russia . According to Hippolytus of Rome , Andrew preached in Thrace , and his presence in Byzantium is mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew . According to tradition, he founded the see of Byzantium (later Constantinople ) in AD 38, installing Stachys as bishop.
This diocese became the seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople under Anatolius , in 451 .
Andrew, along with Stachys , is recognized as the patron saint of the Patriarchate. [24] Basil of Seleucia also knew of Apostle Andrew's missions in Thrace, Scythia and Achaea . [25]

Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at the city of Patras (Patræ) in Achaea , in AD 60. [22] Early texts, such as the Acts of Andrew known to Gregory of Tours , [26] describe Andrew as bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Jesus is said to have been crucified; yet a tradition developed that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the form called crux decussata (X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now commonly known as a " Saint Andrew's Cross " — supposedly at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus had been. [b] The iconography of the martyrdom of Andrew — showing him bound to an X-shaped cross — does not appear to have been standardized until the later Middle Ages . [27] [c]

The apocryphal Acts of Andrew , mentioned by Eusebius , Epiphanius and others, is among a disparate group of Acts of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus . "These Acts (...) belong to the third century: ca. A.D. 260," in the opinion of M. R. James , who edited them in 1924. The Acts, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew , appear among rejected books in the Decretum Gelasianum connected with the name of Pope Gelasius I . The Acts of Andrew was edited and published by Constantin von Tischendorf in the Acta Apostolorum apocrypha ( Leipzig , 1821), putting it for the first time into the hands of a critical professional readership. Another version of the Andrew legend is found in the Passio Andreae , published by Max Bonnet ( Supplementum II Codicis apocryphi , Paris , 1895).

Relics alleged to be those of the Apostle Andrew are kept at the Basilica of Saint Andrew in Patras , Greece ; in Amalfi Cathedral (the Duomo di Sant'Andrea), Amalfi and in Sarzana Cathedral [2] in Sarzana , Italy ; St Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral , Edinburgh , Scotland ; [19] and the Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw , Poland . There are also numerous smaller reliquaries throughout the world.

Andrew's remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Regulus (Rule), a monk at Patras, was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of the relics were transferred from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Roman emperor Constantius II around 357 and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles . [22]

Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel advised him to take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a shrine for them. St. Rule set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fingers and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of Fife, Scotland . However, the relics were probably brought to Britain in 597 as part of the Augustine Mission , and then in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham , a well-known collector of religious relics. [19]

The skull of Saint Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople, was returned to Patras by Emperor Basil I , who ruled from 867 to 886. [28]

In 1208, following the sack of Constantinople , those relics of Saint Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial city were taken to Amalfi , Italy , [29] by Cardinal Peter of Capua , a native of Amalfi. A cathedral ( Duomo ), was built, dedicated to Saint Andrew (as is the town itself), to house a tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital bone, remain.

Thomas Palaeologus was the youngest surviving son of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. Thomas ruled the province of Morea , the medieval name for the Peloponnese. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed the Strait of Corinth, Palaeologus fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to be the skull of Saint Andrew. He gave the head to Pope Pius II , who had it enshrined in one of the four central piers of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and then in Pienza , [3] Italy .

In September 1964, Pope Paul VI , as a gesture of goodwill toward the Greek Orthodox Church, ordered that all of the relics of Saint Andrew that were in Vatican City be sent back to Patras. Cardinal Augustin Bea along with many other cardinals presented the skull to Bishop Constantine of Patras on 24 September 1964. [30] The cross of Saint Andrew was taken from Greece during the Crusades by the Duke of Burgundy. [31] [32] It was kept in the church of St. Victor in Marseilles [33] until it returned to Patras on 19 January 1980. The cross of the apostle was presented to the Bishop of Patras Nicodemus by a Catholic delegation led by Cardinal Roger Etchegaray . All the relics, which consist of the small finger, the skull (part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the cross on
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