Amazing Female

Amazing Female
Clockwise from top left: Shirley Chisholm, Clara Barton, Ellen Ochoa, Nellie Bly, Josephine Baker, Mary Pickford, Maya Angelou, Amelia Earhart, Kalpana Chawla, and Kamala Harris. / George Rose/Hulton Archives, The Print Collector/Hulton Archives, NASA/Hulton Archives, Apic/Hulton Archives, Keystone/Hulton Archive, Hulton Archive, Michael Brennan/Hulton Archives, Getty Images
Maya Angelou in New York City in 2004. / Scott Eells, Getty Images
Sofonisba Anguissola, circa 1555. / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Susan B. Anthony / Scewing, Wikimedia Commons // Public domain
Virginia Apgar / March of Dimes/Library of Congress via Wikimedia // Public Domain
Jane Austen / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Ruth Bader Ginsburg / Mark Wilson/Getty Images
Josephine Baker / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Jeanne Baret / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Clara Barton / Mathew Brady, National Archives and Records Administration // Public Domain
Melitta Bentz / Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons
Simone Biles / Laurence Griffiths/Getty Images
Portrait of Disney artist and animator Mary Blair, from Michael Netzer's Portraits of the Creators Sketchbook. / Michael Netzer // CC BY-SA 3.0 , WIkimedia Commons
Nellie Bly / H.J. Meyers via Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Madam C.J. Walker / Scurlock Studio // Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History // Wikimedia Commons
Ruby Bridges / Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons
The Brontë sisters. / Branwell Brontë, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Rachel Carson / Smithsonian Institution // Wikimedia Commons
Kalpana Chawla, Space Shuttle mission specialist for STS-107, poses for a picture on December 18, 2002 at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. / NASA/Getty Images
Joyce Chen / Stephen Chen, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA
Julia Child / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Eugenie Clark / Bsteinitz, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA
Cleopatra / Photoservice, iStock via Getty Images Plus
Sports broadcaster Jon Naber speaks to 1948 Olympic gold medalist Alice Coachman during the Team USA Road to London 100 Days Out Celebration in Times Square on April 18, 2012 in New York City. / Jeff Zelevansky/Getty Images for USOC
Bessie Coleman / Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons
Caresse Crosby / Unknown Author, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Marie Curie / Photo Illustration by Mental Floss. Curie: Hulton Archive, Getty Images. Background: iStock
Sandra Day O'Connor / Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Senator Tammy Duckworth addresses the virtual 2020 Democratic National Convention on August 20, 2020. / DNCC via Getty Images
Ann E. Dunwoody / United States Army, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Amelia Earhart / Topical Press Agency/Getty Images
Empress Cixi with ladies of the court, circa 1904. / Print Collector, Getty Images
Zelda Fitzgerald with her husband F. Scott Fitzgerald and daughter. / Keystone, Getty Images
D.C. Fontana / Albert L. Ortega, Getty Images
Anne Frank / Public Domain, Wikimedia Commons
Rosalind Franklin / MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CC BY-SA 4.0 // Wikimedia Commons
Indira Gandhi / Express Newspapers/Getty Images
Joan Ganz Cooney and the Sesame Street Muppets. / Dustin Harris, Getty Images
Journalist and U.S. war correspondent Martha Gellhorn speaks with Indian soldiers of the British Army on the 5th Army's Cassino front in Italy in 1944. / Keystone/Getty Images
Jane Goodall, English primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist, with a chimpanzee in her arms in 1995. / Apic/Getty Images
Claudia Gordon delivers the keynote address at the 50th Biennial Conference of the National Association of the Deaf in Philadelphia. / Public Domain, Wikimedia Commons
Juliette Gordon Low, founder of the Girl Scouts, with a dog, circa 1915. / Hulton Archive/Stringer/Getty Images
Dr. Temple Grandin attends the premiere of Temple Grandin in 2010. / Stephen Lovekin/Getty Images
A portrait of Sarah Josepha Hale from around 1831. / James Reid Lambdin, Richard's Free Library, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Fannie Lou Hamer, American civil rights leader, at the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. / Public Domain, Wikimedia Commons
Ruth Handler celebrates the 40th anniversary of Barbie in 1999. / Jeff Christensen/Getty Images
Beulah Louise Henry with her bathe-able air baby doll invention in 1927. / Harris & Ewing, Library of Congress, Wikimedia Commons // No Known Restrictions on Publication
Caroline Herschel in 1829. / M. F. Tielemanm, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Judith Heumann, special adviser for international disability rights at the State Department, testifies during a hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee July 12, 2012 on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC. / Alex Wong/Getty Images
Clare Hollingworth with Life Magazine photographer Tim Page in Saigon, June 1968. / Tommy Japan 79, Flickr // CC BY 2.0
Commodore Grace M. Hopper photographed in 1984. / James S. Davis, United States Navy, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Dolores Huerta with a union flag in the 1970s. / Cathy Murphy/Getty Images
Mary Jackson with model at NASA Langley. / Adam Cuerden, NASA Langley Research Center, Public Domain // Wikimedia Commons
Jane Jacobs at a press conference in 1961. / Phil Stanziola, Library of Congress, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
President Barack Obama awards Katherine Johnson the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015. / Alex Wong/Getty Images
Frida Kahlo with Diego Rivera in the 1940s. / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
A portrait of Susan Kare. / Lucie Ecuyer, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 4.0
Ragnhild Kåta with her teacher Elias Hofgaard. / Public Domain, Wikimedia Commons
Helen Keller on the day of her graduation from Radcliffe College in 1904. / Topical Press Agency/Getty Images
A patent drawing for Margaret E. Knight's paper bag machine, 1871. / National Archives and Records Administration, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Katia and Maurice Krafft. / United States Geological Survey, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Stephanie Kwolek. / Chemical Heritage Foundation, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 3.0
Doctor Susan La Flesche. / Nebraska State Historical Society Photograph Collections, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Henrietta Lacks. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Hedy Lamarr circa 1940. / Apic/Getty Images
Dorothea Lange (L) in 1936 and her photo (R), titled Migrant Mother. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain (L), Dorothea Lange, Getty Images (R)
Edmonia Lewis. / Walters Art Museum, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
An 1840 painting of Ada Lovelace. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Statue of Sybil Ludington on Gleneida Avenue in Carmel, New York. / Anthony22, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 3.0
Wangari Maathai receiving a trophy awarded to her by a human rights commission. / Demosh, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY 2.0
Lizzie Magie. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Margaret Mead. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Herminia B. Dassel portrait of Maria Mitchell, ca. 1851. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Audrey Munson with Arnold Genthe's cat, Buzzer. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Zora Neale Hurston, American author. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Florence Nightingale. / Photos.com/Getty Images
Flannery O'Connor with Robie Macauley and Arthur Koestler. / Cmacauley, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 3.0
Rosa Parks being fingerprinted after the Montgomery bus boycott. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Dolly Parton in 1977. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins at a press conference. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Beatrix Potter and her favorite collie, Kep. / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Queen Elizabeth II was officially coronated on June 2, 1953. / Victoria Jones - WPA Pool/Getty Images
Queen Victoria was coronated in June 1838. / Photos.com/iStock via Getty Images Plus
Aly Raisman / Agência Brasil Fotografias, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY 2.0
Sally Ride / NASA, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Sylvia Rivera (left) with fellow activist Jim Fouratt. / Jim Fouratt, Flickr // CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Carolus-Duran, Portrait of Emily Warren Roebling (1896) / Brooklyn Museum, Wikimedia Commons // No Known Copyright Restrictions
Eleanor Roosevelt / FDR Presidential Library & Museum, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY 2.0
Vera Rubin with John Glenn / Jeremy Keith via Flickr // CC BY 2.0
Sacagawea Monument in City Park, Portland, Oregon, circa 1912; statue by Alice Cooper / Library of Congress // Public Domain
Margaret Sanger / Bain News Service, Library of Congress // No Known Restrictions on Publication
Sophie Scholl / Hans Scholl, Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Marie Severin / MichaelNetzer, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 3.0
Richard Rothwell, Portrait of Mary Shelley (1840) / Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Junko Tabei gives a climbing demonstration, circa 1975. / Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
A photo of Shirley Temple. / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Valentina Tereshkova receiving the Galabert International Astronauts Prize in Paris in 1965. / Keystone/Getty Images
Greta Thunberg is one of the most high-profile environmental activists at just 17 years old. / Leon Neal/Getty Images
A rare portrait of abolitionist Sojourner Truth. / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
A portrait of Harriet Tubman. / Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images
Marie Van Brittan Brown patented the first home security system. / EdwardSamuelCornwall/iStock via Getty Images Plus
Mary Wollstonecraft is the mother of Mary Shelley, writer of Frankenstein. / Culture Club/Getty Images
Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to run for U.S. president. / Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Malala Yousafzai's impact on the world is immeasurable. / James D. Morgan/Getty Images for The Growth Faculty
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History is not always what is seems—regardless of what even the most robust textbooks might say. Take, for example, the work of Rosalind Franklin : The British scientist whose 1952 research was integral to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, but who had her research swiped by male colleagues who announced their "discovery" to the world—and won a Nobel Prize for it—without giving Franklin any of the credit.
While gender parity continues to be an ongoing problem (yes, even in 2022), the world is fortunately full of examples of brave women who have stood up to the most daunting challenges to make their voices heard and accept full recognition for their achievements. From singers to scientists and athletes to activists, here are 125 women who have changed the world.
In the early 9th century, in what is now Morocco, Fatima al-Fihri could have lived the rest of her life as a wealthy heiress when she inherited a fortune after her father died. Instead, she established the world’s first university. With her inheritance, al-Fihri built a mosque and education center for her community. Those institutions eventually grew into the University of al-Qarawiyyin, established in 859 CE in the city of Fez. The university reportedly attracted students from all over the world, and is still operating today. More than a thousand years later, al-Fihri’s legacy lives on through academic awards and scholarships in her name. —Olivia Truffaut-Wong
Maya Angelou was a writer, poet, civil rights activist, dancer, and director best known for titles such as her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . Born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1928, Angelou fought back against a society filled with racism and prejudice to write more than 30 books, direct 1998's Down in the Delta starring Alfre Woodard and Wesley Snipes, recite one of her poems at Bill Clinton’s inauguration, and be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2010. —Kristen Richard
Unlike men, female artists in Renaissance Italy weren’t allowed to learn their craft by becoming masters’ apprentices. But that didn’t stop Sofonisba Anguissola from studying with other artists like Bernardino Campi, Bernardino Gatti (Il Sojaro), and even Michelangelo himself. Anguissola became one of the few globally recognized female Renaissance artists, thanks to her skill in the art of portraiture. She produced commissioned art for wealthy families, including work for King Philip II, and was always pushing the boundaries of portraiture and rejecting patriarchal conventions of art through her paintings. —Carla Delgado
The year 2019 year marked the 100th anniversary of (many) women gaining the right to vote in the United States—and 2020 marked the 200th birthday of one of the women who made it possible: Susan B. Anthony . Born in Massachusetts in 1820, Anthony was a lifelong activist on behalf of women’s rights. With fellow suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Anthony founded the American Equal Rights Association in 1866 and traveled the country advocating for voting rights. She and Stanton also edited the organization’s newspaper to further disseminate feminist ideas. Though their opposition to the 15th Amendment—which gave suffrage to men of all races (in theory), but not women—caused a split in the women’s movement, Anthony continued to muster support and lobby Congress for suffrage. In one of her most defiant acts, she was arrested simply for casting a ballot in the 1872 presidential election and given a fine of $100—which she refused to pay. —Kat Long
Virginia Apgar ’s career was full of firsts: In 1937, she became the first female board-certified anesthesiologist and the first woman to achieve the rank of professor at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, where she was the first professor of anesthesiology. In 1952, she presented a five-step system for assessing the condition of newborn babies within a minute of birth and periodically after that. Prior to the development of the test—in which nurses or other delivery room staff assess a baby’s skin color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and breathing—babies weren’t typically given much attention after birth, which could lead to problems being missed until it was too late.
The test eventually became a backronym for appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration. The APGAR test soon spread through the U.S. and around the world, and today, according to the National Library of Medicine, “[E]very baby born in a modern hospital anywhere in the world is looked at first through the eyes of Dr. Virginia Apgar.” —Erin McCarthy
Jane Austen completed just six novels before she died at the age of 41 in 1817, yet she managed to change the course of literature. Her books, including Pride and Prejudice , were groundbreaking in their use of literary realism and free indirect narrative style—modes that would become so commonplace in fiction that it's easy to miss how experimental Austen's books were in their time. Even two centuries after her death, her stories have retained their appeal to both critics and everyday readers alike, both through her books and the numerous, numerous spin-offs, reimaginings, and adaptations that have been created for film, television, and the stage. —Shaunacy Ferro
There’s not a lot to say about Ruth Bader Ginsburg that hasn’t already been stated: The associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, who passed away on September 18, 2020, has been the subject of countless articles and books (including several children’s books ), as well as an Oscar-nominated documentary ( RBG ) and a Felicity Jones-starring biopic ( On the Basis of the Sex ) that were both released in 2018. That same year, a photo of Ginsburg made a fleeting appearance in Deadpool 2 , with the foul-mouthed superhero considering the then-85-year-old for a part in his own superhero team, the X-Force. Many individuals (of the non-superhero kind) could understand why, as Ginsburg spent the better part of her career breaking down barriers and fighting for women’s rights and gender parity. All of which is to say that Ginsburg’s “Notorious RBG” moniker was well-earned, and 100 percent accurate. —Jennifer M. Wood
On the surface, Josephine Baker is best known as an enchanting singer who wowed crowds pretty much anywhere she performed—but she was much more than that. A dedicated civil rights and social activist, Baker actually worked as a spy for the French Resistance across North Africa and Europe during WWII . She was known to sneak photos of German military installations across borders by pinning them to her underwear while going through customs and moved top-secret messages across Europe by writing them in invisible ink on her sheet music. The more you learn about Baker, the more unbelievable it all sounds. But make no mistake about it, this multifaceted entertainer was the real deal. —Jay Serafino
The French crewmembers of the Étoile voyage in the 1760s fully intended to circumnavigate the globe—they just didn’t think a woman would be doing it with them. Dr. Philibert Commerçon had been hired as the ship’s botanist on the expedition, and he hatched a plan to bring along his lover, fellow botanist Jeanne Baret . Since women weren’t allowed, Baret had to dress as a man, go by “Jean,” and work as Commerçon’s assistant. The ruse worked for a while, but the crew eventually discovered Baret’s true identity and kicked the couple off the ship as soon as they got to the French colony of Mauritius. Years later, after Commerçon died, Baret married and returned to France—completing the circumnavigation. — Ellen Gutoskey
Clarissa “Clara” Harlowe Barton started tending to wounded soldiers just a week after the Civil War began, using supplies from her own home. She proved herself to be a relentless, reliable, fearless nurse throughout the war, eventually earning the nickname “Angel of the Battlefield” and even narrowly avoiding death herself when a bullet tore through her dress at the Battle of Antietam. Several years after the war had ended, Barton traveled to Switzerland, where she first heard about the International Red Cross and left with an idea to establish a similar organization in the United States. Barton launched the American Red Cross with the help of philanthropist Adolphus Solomons in May 1881, and she served as its president for the next 23 years. —EG
If you can’t face the morning without a cup of coffee, you should raise your mug to Melitta Bentz , a German housewife who patented the paper coffee filter in Berlin in 1908. Bentz had grown frustrated with loose grounds winding up in her joe and decided to use a piece of blotting paper from her son’s school notebook to filter them. The trick soon spread across the globe, with Bentz and her husband, Hugo, running a successful manufacturing business that also helped popularize five-day workweeks and holiday bonuses. —Jake Rossen
Simone Biles became a household name after helping the United States women’s gymnastics team win gold at the 2016 summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, where she also took home a whopping four individual medals: gold for all-around, vault, and floor, and bronze on the beam. Since then, Biles has become the most decorated female gymnast in history, setting so many records along the way that it would probably be excessive to list them here. Her powerhouse performances have raised the standard for women’s gymnastics around the world, and her unfalteringly sunny attitude and laser focus have taught us all something about how to be better, more successful people. Biles, along with fellow U.S. gymnasts like Aly Raisman, has advocated for vict
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