Alfabetul Latin

Alfabetul Latin
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Alphabet used to write the Latin language
This article is about the alphabet used to write the Latin language. For modern alphabets derived from it used in other languages and applications, see Latin script and Latin-script alphabet .
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Numerous Latin alphabets ; also more divergent derivations such as Osage
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

^ Michael C. Howard (2012), Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. p. 23 .

^ Cappelli, Adriano (1990). Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane . Milano: Editore Ulrico Hoepli. ISBN 88-203-1100-3 .

^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y" . Oxford Etymologist . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 3 October 2013 .

^ Crystal, David (4 August 2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521530330 – via Google Books.

^ Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK . Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved on 28 September 2015.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latin alphabet .

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Adlam (slight influence from Arabic) 1989 CE

The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language and its extensions used to write modern languages.

The term Latin alphabet may refer to either the alphabet used to write Latin (as described in this article) or other alphabets based on the Latin script , which is the basic set of letters common to the various alphabets descended from the classical Latin alphabet, such as the English alphabet . These Latin-script alphabets may discard letters, like the Rotokas alphabet , or add new letters, like the Danish and Norwegian alphabets. Letter shapes have evolved over the centuries, including the development in Medieval Latin of lower-case , forms which did not exist in the Classical period alphabet.

The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar Etruscan alphabet , which evolved from the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet , which was itself descended from the Phoenician alphabet , which in turn derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics . [1] The Etruscans ruled early Rome ; their alphabet evolved in Rome over successive centuries to produce the Latin alphabet.
During the Middle Ages , the Latin alphabet was used (sometimes with modifications) for writing Romance languages , which are direct descendants of Latin , as well as Celtic , Germanic , Baltic and some Slavic languages . With the age of colonialism and Christian evangelism , the Latin script spread beyond Europe , coming into use for writing indigenous American , Australian , Austronesian , Austroasiatic and African languages . More recently, linguists have also tended to prefer the Latin script or the International Phonetic Alphabet (itself largely based on the Latin script) when transcribing or creating written standards for non-European languages, such as the African reference alphabet .

Although Latin did not use diacritical signs, signs of truncation of words, often placed above the truncated word or at the end of it, were very common. Furthermore, abbreviations or smaller overlapping letters were often used. This was due to the fact that if the text was engraved on the stone, the number of letters to be written was reduced, while if it was written on paper or parchment, it saved precious space. This habit continued even in the Middle Ages. Hundreds of symbols and abbreviations exist, varying from century to century. [2]

It is generally believed that the Latin alphabet used by the Romans was derived from the Old Italic alphabet used by the Etruscans . [ citation needed ]
That alphabet was derived from the Euboean alphabet used by the Cumae , which in turn was derived from the Phoenician alphabet . [ citation needed ]

Latin included 21 different characters. The letter ⟨C⟩ was the western form of the Greek gamma , but it was used for the sounds /ɡ/ and /k/ alike, possibly under the influence of Etruscan , which might have lacked any voiced plosives . Later, probably during the 3rd century BC, the letter ⟨Z⟩ – unneeded to write Latin properly – was replaced with the new letter ⟨G⟩, a ⟨C⟩ modified with a small vertical stroke, which took its place in the alphabet. From then on, ⟨G⟩ represented the voiced plosive /ɡ/ , while ⟨C⟩ was generally reserved for the voiceless plosive /k/ . The letter ⟨K⟩ was used only rarely, in a small number of words such as Kalendae , often interchangeably with ⟨C⟩.

After the Roman conquest of Greece in the 1st century BC, Latin adopted the Greek letters ⟨Y⟩ and ⟨Z⟩ (or readopted, in the latter case) to write Greek loanwords, placing them at the end of the alphabet. An attempt by the emperor Claudius to introduce three additional letters did not last. Thus it was during the classical Latin period that the Latin alphabet contained 23 letters:

The Latin names of some of these letters are disputed; for example, ⟨H⟩ may have been called [ˈaha] or [ˈaka] . [3] In general the Romans did not use the traditional ( Semitic -derived) names as in Greek: the names of the plosives were formed by adding /eː/ to their sound (except for ⟨K⟩ and ⟨Q⟩, which needed different vowels to be distinguished from ⟨C⟩) and the names of the continuants consisted either of the bare sound, or the sound preceded by /e/ .

The letter ⟨Y⟩ when introduced was probably called "hy" /hyː/ as in Greek, the name upsilon not being in use yet, but this was changed to i Graeca ("Greek i") as Latin speakers had difficulty distinguishing its foreign sound /y/ from /i/ . ⟨Z⟩ was given its Greek name, zeta . This scheme has continued to be used by most modern European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet. For the Latin sounds represented by the various letters see Latin spelling and pronunciation ; for the names of the letters in English see English alphabet .

Diacritics were not regularly used, but they did occur sometimes, the most common being the apex used to mark long vowels , which had previously sometimes been written doubled. However, in place of taking an apex, the letter i was written taller : ⟨ á é ꟾ ó v́ ⟩. For example, what is today transcribed Lūciī a fīliī was written ⟨ lv́ciꟾ·a·fꟾliꟾ ⟩ in the inscription depicted.
Some letters have more than one form in epigraphy .
Latinists have treated some of them especially such as ⟨ Ꟶ ⟩, a variant of ⟨H⟩ found in Roman Gaul .

The primary mark of punctuation was the interpunct , which was used as a word divider , though it fell out of use after 200 AD.

Old Roman cursive script, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on Roman square capitals , but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. It was most commonly used from about the 1st century BC to the 3rd century, but it probably existed earlier than that. It led to Uncial , a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes.
Tironian notes were a shorthand system consisting of thousands of signs.

New Roman cursive script, also known as minuscule cursive, was in use from the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; ⟨a⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨e⟩ had taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters were proportionate to each other. This script evolved into a variety of regional medieval scripts (for example, the Merovingian , Visigothic and Benevantan scripts), to be later supplanted by the Carolingian minuscule .

It was not until the Middle Ages that the letter ⟨ W ⟩ (originally a ligature of two ⟨ V ⟩s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the Germanic languages which did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the Renaissance did the convention of treating ⟨ I ⟩ and ⟨ U ⟩ as vowels , and ⟨ J ⟩ and ⟨ V ⟩ as consonants , become established. Prior to that, the former had been merely allographs of the latter. [ citation needed ]

With the fragmentation of political power, the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing press . Early deviations from the classical forms were the uncial script , a development of the Old Roman cursive , and various so-called minuscule scripts that developed from New Roman cursive , of which the insular script developed by Irish literati and derivations of this, such as Carolingian minuscule were the most influential, introducing the lower case forms of the letters, as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard.

The languages that use the Latin script generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns . The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English , for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized, whereas Modern English writers and printers of the 17th and 18th century frequently capitalized most and sometimes all nouns, [4] which is still systematically done in Modern German , e.g. in the preamble and all of the United States Constitution : We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Latin alphabet spread, along with the Latin language , from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire . The eastern half of the Empire , including Greece , Anatolia , the Levant , and Egypt , continued to use Greek as a lingua franca , but Latin was widely spoken in the western half , and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.

With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages , the script was gradually adopted by the peoples of northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages (displacing the Ogham alphabet) or Germanic languages (displacing earlier Runic alphabets ), Baltic languages , as well as by the speakers of several Uralic languages , most notably Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian . The Latin alphabet came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages , as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism .

Later, it was adopted by non-Catholic countries. Romanian , most of whose speakers are Orthodox , was the first major language to switch from Cyrillic to Latin script, doing so in the 19th century, although Moldova only did so after the Soviet collapse .

It has also been increasingly adopted by Turkic-speaking countries, beginning with Turkey in the 1920s. After the Soviet collapse, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan all switched from Cyrillic to Latin. The government of Kazakhstan announced in 2015 that the Latin alphabet would replace Cyrillic as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025. [5]

The spread of the Latin alphabet among previously illiterate peoples has inspired the creation of new writing systems, such as the Avoiuli alphabet in Vanuatu , which replaces the letters of the Latin alphabet with alternative symbols.

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . For the distinction between [ ] , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters .
Library resources about Latin alphabet

Este primul Portal alcătuit din multe siteuri,dedicat în întregime Educaţiei Naţionale Libere şi Alfabetizării Online. Este Revizuirea siteului din 2007.
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Special de la Edupedia .Ro Educaţie
Naţională Liberă şi Alfabetizare
Alfabetul latin este sistemul de scriere alfabetic cel mai răspândit. A fost conceput
pentru scrierea limbii
latine și inițial cuprindea numai
21 de litere, la care s-au
adăugat ulterior J, U, W, Y și Z. Literele U [- ᚢ -] şi Z [- ᛇ -] ,au fost împrumutate de la Dacii Iliri W de la cuvântul Wa'aka (braţe cheamă cerul) sau Woke cuvânt de la carteaginezi şi greci ,J şi Y probabil de la etrusci sau cimbrii cu origine celto-germanică-
Unele limbi au adăugat câteva litere speciale
alfabetului latin prin aplicarea de semne
diacritice (sedilă (căciulă), virgulă, accente, etc.), prin ligaturi sau prin preluarea de litere din alte
alfabete.
De exemplu, alfabetul
limbii române are 31 de litere
incluzând și caracterele Â, Ă, Î, Ș și Ț.
Romanii au împrumutat
alfabetul grecilor din Cuma , dar nu se știe sigur dacă direct sau prin
intermediul etruscilor.În perioada anilor 800-750 î.d.Hr/ î.e.n (înaintea Erei noastre).
Cele
26 de litere ale alfabetului latin modern sunt:
Acest
Alfabet inventat de Romani este cel mai răspândit din lume. Chiar
de oameni care folosec alte alfabete precum grecii:
evreii,arabii,armenii,chinezii,coreenii,japonezii şi alte popoare.
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The Latin, or Roman, alphabet was originally adapted from the
Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC to write Latin. Since then it has had many different forms, and been adapted to write many other languages.

According to Roman legend, the Cimmerian Sibyl, Carmenta, created the Latin alphabet by adapting the Greek alphabet used in the Greek colony of Cumae in southern Italy. This was introduced to Latium by Evander, her son. 60 years after the Trojan war. There is no historical evidence to support this story, which comes from the Roman author, Gaius Julius Hyginus (64BC - 17AD).

The earliest known inscriptions in the Latin alphabet date from the 6th century BC. It was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC. The letters Y and Z were taken from the Greek alphabet to write Greek loan words. Other letters were added from time to time as the Latin alphabet was adapted for other languages.

This is a version of the earliest known text in Latin. It is known as the Duenos inscription, and was found on the Quirinal Hill in Rome by Heinrich Dressel, a German archaeologist, in 1880. It is thought to date from the 7th to 5th century BC.

Opnēs hemones decnotāti et iovesi louberoi et parēs gnāscontor, rationes et comscientiās particapes sont, quois enter sēd comcordiās studēōd agontinom est.

Obnēs homenēs degnetāte et iouse leiberei et parēs gnāscontor, ratiōnes et cōnscientiaī particepēs sont, queis enter sēd concordiaī studeōd agondom est.

Old Latin translations by Giorgio Nagy

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

The modern Latin alphabet is used to write hundreds of different languages. Each language uses a slightly different set of letters, and they are pronounced in various ways. Some languages use the standard 26 letters, some use fewer, and others use more.

This is the modern Latin alphabet as used to write English.

Many languages supplement the basic Latin alphabet with a variety of accented letters:

Note : the names of these accents varies from language to language. In Czech, for example, the caron is known as a háček [ˈɦaːtʃɛk], which means 'little hook'.

These accented letters can have a number of different functions:

How to type accented letters in Windows ,
Mac
and HTML

Eth, Thorn, Yogh and Wynn were used in Old English ; Eth and Thorn are also used in Icelandic ; the long s was used in English and other languages to write non-final esses until about the late 18th / early 19th century; the dotted upper case i and dotless lowercase i are used in Turkish , and the schwa is used in Azeri . The other letters are used in various other languages, particularly those spoken in West Africa.

These are used in a number of languages including French, German,
Icelandic, Croatian and Dutch:

Click here
to find out how to type ligatures in Windows ,
Mac
and HTML

ALPHABETUM - a Unicode font
specifically designed for ancient scripts, including classical
& medieval Latin, ancient Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian,
Faliscan, Messapic, Picene, Iberian, Celtiberian, Gothic, Runic,
Old & Middle English, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Old Nordic, Ogham,
Kharosthi, Glagolitic, Old Cyrillic, Phoenician, Avestan, Ugaritic,
Linear B, Anatolian scripts, Coptic, Cypriot, Brahmi, Old Persian cuneiform:
http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/~jmag0042/alphabet.html

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