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Application of machine learning to predict the yield of alginate lyase solid-state fermentation by Cunninghamella echinulata: artificial neural networks and support vector machine. A review on the application of computer vision and machine learning in the tea industry. An internet of things IoT -based optimum tea fermentation detection model using convolutional neural networks CNNs and majority voting techniques. Tea fermentation is the most important step in determining the quality of tea. Currently, optimum fermentation of tea is detected by tasters using any of the following methods: monitoring change in color of tea as fermentation progresses and tasting and smelling the tea as fermentation progresses. These manual methods are not accurate. Consequently, they lead to a compromise in the quality of tea. The input data to TeaNet are images from the tea Fermentation and Labelme datasets. TeaNet was more superior in the classification tasks compared to the other machine learning techniques. However, we will confirm the stability of TeaNet in the classification tasks in our future studies when we deploy it in a tea factory in Kenya. The research also released a tea fermentation dataset that is available for use by the community. A Eur. Extracellular matrix components influence prostate tumor cell sensitivity to cancer-preventive agents selenium and green tea polyphenols. Tea Improvement in Kenya. Technical Report. Onduru, D. Xu, Rapid identification of tea quality by E-nose and computer vision combining with a synergetic data fusion strategy, J. Food Eng. Food Sci. Food Saf. Deep learning: Architectures, algorithms, applications. Cancers, A review on the application of deep learning in system health management. Signal Process. A survey on deep learning: Algorithms, techniques, and applications. ACM Comput. Methods Eng. Neural Netw. Barcelo-Ordinas, J. An embedded Electronic Nose for identification of aroma index for different tea aroma chemicals. Food Process. A framework for the multi-level fusion of electronic nose and electronic tongue for tea quality assessment. Sensors, Proceedings of the Global AI Congress Electronics, 8. Pattern Anal. Image noise removal—The new approach. A comparative study of different denoising techniques in digital image processing. Content based image retrieval using hybrid features and various distance metric. Visually meaningful encryption for color images by using Qi hyper-chaotic system and singular value decomposition in YCbCr color space. Optik, Anatomy of a color histogram. Jung, H. Symmetry, Texture analysis of non-uniform images using GLCM. A detailed review of feature extraction in image processing systems. Chapter 4—Feature Extraction. Centralized binary patterns embedded with image euclidean distance for facial expression recognition. Saravanan, C. Color image to grayscale image conversion. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Overview of use of decision tree algorithms in machine learning. J48SS: A novel decision tree approach for the handling of sequential and time series data. Computers, 8. Sustainability, Accuracy vs. Identification of disturbance sources based on random forest model. An application of geographical random forests for population estimation in Dakar, Senegal using very-high-resolution satellite imagery. An improved random forest algorithm based on attribute compatibility. October, January On-line random forests. Kouzani, A. November, January Face classification by a random forest. Review of random forest classification techniques to resolve data imbalance. Improvement of random forest cascade regression algorithm and its application in fatigue detection. A random forest based machine learning approach for mild steel defect diagnosis. An improved random forest classifier for image classification. Random forest classification for detecting android malware. Mathematics, 8. Accelerating the K-Nearest neighbors filtering algorithm to optimize the real-time classification of human brain tumor in hyperspectral images. Energies, K-Nearest Neighbor classification for glass identification problem. An improvement to k-nearest neighbor classifier. An adaptive k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Imaging Image Process. Automated Detection of Multiple Pavement Defects. Algorithms, Remote Sens. Paoletti, M. An idea of a clustering algorithm using support vector machines based on binary decision tree. The construction of support vector machine classifier using the firefly algorithm. Fuzzy clustering multiple kernel support vector machine. Weed classification using one class support vector machine. Indian J. A non-parametric mixture of Gaussian naive Bayes classifiers based on local independent features. Data Eng. A comparison of linear discriminant analysis and ridge classifier on Twitter data. Linear discriminant analysis: Classification of on-surface and in-air handwriting. Classification depend on linear discriminant analysis using desired outputs. Linear Discriminant Analysis with few training data. Scene image classification method based on Alex-Net model. Kim, P. Dubosson, F. A python framework for exhaustive machine learning algorithms and features evaluations. Performance analysis of supervised machine learning techniques for sentiment analysis. Asynchronous execution of python code on task-based runtime systems. An overview and comparison of free Python libraries for data mining and big data analysis. TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning. Fahad, S. Atmosphere, 8. CNN model design of gesture recognition based on tensorflow framework. Evaluation Measures for Hierarchical Classification: A unified view and novel approaches. Data Min. AAAI Conf. Classification assessment methods. Crossref citations: 1. Crossref citations: 0. Crossref citations: 3.

An Optimum Tea Fermentation Detection Model Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. In this research antidiabetic, analgesic and antiulcer potential of traditional ethnomedicinal plant: Emex spinosa L. Family Polygonaceae was evaluated by extracting its phytoconstituents using methanol MeOH solvent through maceration protocol. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed flavonoids were highest in leaf extract Alkaloids and tanins were also present in the samples in various conc. To confirm pharmaceutical potential of plant against ulcer, diabetes and analgesic infirmities, a model experimental animal wistar albino rats Rattus norvegicus were used. The leaf extract showed a In order to confirm efficacy of the drug potential of plant following parameters like microscopic evaluation, gastric volume, total acidity, mucosa weight, ulcer index, pH and histopathology of stomach were analyzed. After4hrs The analgesic activity was explored by applying hot plate, tail flick and formalin paw licking method. It was concluded that all three components of E. Furthermore, it was confirmed through results analysis that plant t can be used to discover novel drug using dedicated high throughput techniques and ethnopharmacological approaches. Plants have been part and parcel of humanity for long times, probably from the time of emergence of human life on this planet. According one estimate is reported that around — plant species are known as medicinal species to treat various ailments across the world \[ 1 \]. Plants have been utilized for health, food, shelter, fodder, forage and botanic medicines for thousands of years by the mankind. The herbal drugs or botanic drugs BDs provide an opportunity to manufacture modern allopathic medications from different plants for curing acute and chronic diseases \[ 2 \]. Plants have been used by humans as a natural product of remedies and cures for various infirmities since decades. Herb-based medicines have received special attention among diverse ethnic groups in developing and developed countries since they are often used because botanic drugs are considered as cheap, with less negative effects and possessing more curing impact due to synergetic phenomenon \[ 3 \]. A variety of medicines, most of which are obtained from plants and used in different allopathic medicines combat diseases and other therapies across the world. Man has been facing various disease and Diabetes mellitus is one of these commonly prevailing disorder or infirmity ubiquitously present all around the globe and it has become a severe public health issue of the time. This is caused by a faulty or ineffective insulin secretory reaction or its efficacy to metabolize the carbohydrates. This leads to decreased glucose utilization which is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, resulting in hyperglycemia with name of high sugar level in blood. Analgesics, also recognized as anesthetics painkillers , are constituents that act in a variety of techniques to reduce various forms of discomfort or pains in the body. Pain is a frequent sign that suggests that something is abnormal with our body and can be an indication of illness. As a result, it has been established that pain is a very peculiar unpleasant sensation that is independent of the five senses, relying more on its own central and peripheral mechanisms \[ 7 \]. Pain can be interpreted in a variety of ways as the only symptom of a variety of illnesses is also pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications NSAIDs and opioids are used to manage mild to moderate and extreme pains, respectively. Because of their adverse effects, such as stomach irritation, dependence and resistance, medications have certain significant limitations. As a result, there is a need to ramp up research with the goal of producing active agents with low toxicity levels which can only be obtained and produced from the plants \[ 8 \]. Gastric ulcer, one of the most common problems found in almost all adults around the world particularly who are addictor of coffee, tea and wine or sometime eat spicy foods \[ 9 \]. Acid, pepsin, bile acids, bacterial products Helicobacter pylori and drugs continuously exposed to the gastric mucosa raises the risk of gastric ulcers \[ 10 \]. Increased stomach acid and pepsin secretion, suppression of prostaglandin synthesis and cell proliferative growth and decreased blood flow and gastrointestinal motility have all been linked to the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer \[ 11 \]. Peptic ulcers are caused by gastric acid or pepsin destroying a region of the gastrointestinal tract GIT. A stomach ulcer, oesophageal, or duodenal ulcer are all examples of peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcer symptoms include sickness, eject, swelling, changes in hungriness, and a nagging or flaming sensation. After eating, these sensations usually fade away, only to reemerge later. Peptic ulcers usually appear as a single wound; however, they can also appear in numerous forms \[ 12 , 13 \]. The plant Emex spinosa L. Vegetative structures are less than reproductive structures. Two types of achenes are the characteristic features which make in it a weedy plant \[ 15 \]. The plant E. Plant of this family Polygonaceae occurs near railway tracks and alongside the bank of drains, waste sandy places, and the area where the winter crops will be grown \[ 17 \]. Emex spinosa is considered as a small weed that provides fuel for local residents, serves as a source of food for animals, and may have therapeutic properties. Emex spinosa is considered a small weed that provides fuel for local residents, serves as a source of food for animals, and may have therapeutic properties \[ 18 \]. Its most significant plant which is used as cure for indigestion; increase hunger, it is also used as treatment of stomach ailments. It is commonly consider it as medicinal plant which will be used to treat in digestion and stomach disorder \[ 19 \]. African peoples boiled the leaves of Emex spinosa plant and then used for relief against dyspepsia and sickness and to stimulate appetite \[ 20 \]. The leaves of E. Emex spinosa was recognized as a capable fodder plant in a comparative evaluation of its nutritional properties \[ 22 \]. The presence of bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in these plants contributes to their potential \[ 23 \]. The key problem statement of the research proposal was to explore the green medicines for cure of ulcer, analgesic, diabetes and other chronic disorders in indigenous people of Mirpur division of AJK. Prior to this no pharmacology work is conducted to find the active phytoconstituents for exploration medicinal worth of this wild indigenous plants. The key objectives of the current study were multifarious including: i to explore ethnomedicinal and phytochemical analysis of different parts of the selected plant species: Emex spinosa L. This research study will provide promising outcomes for novel drug discovery and drug development from this reknown ethnomedicinal plants which is promulgated in various traditional ethnomedicines TEMs in the world. For analysis, heathy samples of leaf, fruit and stem were meticulously separated from the plant Emex spinosa were collected in the months of April and May from different villages of Mirpur, AJK. The collected plant parts were shadow dried in the room and powdered for further experimental trials. The dried powdered form of different parts of the plant was extracted in methanol MeOH solvent using maceration protocol. About g of powdered plant material was dipped in methanol for seven 07 days, kept shaking by using electrical shaker and sometimes vigorously stirred for though mixing. After seven days, the macerated materials was filtered using Whatman filter paper No. All the residue of three parts was kept separately in air tight bottles for future experimental trials. The phytochemical study was carried out using a qualitative analysis by following protocol of Sonam et al. By using a standard method, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, sterols, cardiac glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, proteins, and lipids were determined in plant extract. The Harborne procedure was used for quantitative phytochemical analysis of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and tannins \[ 26 \]. In the study, a total of 40 Rattus norvegicus Wistar albino rats weight — gm , 50 rats of weight — g and 40 adult albino mice 23—28 g of both sexes were obtained from the animal house at the Pharmacy Department of Punjab University in Lahore. Prior to the start of the research, rats were adopted for a week to assure that they were handled properly. All the animals had free access to food and water ad libitum. We confirm that all the research meets ethical guidelines and adheres to the legal requirements of the University and our country. The University Institutional Ethics Review Board on request of Departmental ethical committee of the Punjab University has approved the experimental plan and allowed to proceed report vide letter No. The rats white albino were divided into seven classes, each consisting of four rats and details of each group constituency is as:. Group-I: They were called the normal control Nc. There is no Alloxan induction or plant extract induction. Group-II: Diabetic control group Dc. This group of rats received alloxan instead of plant extract treatment. Group-IV: This category is thought to be a treatment group T 1. Group-V: This category is thought to be a second treatment group T 2. Group-VI: This is considered to be a third treatment type T 3. The experimental animals were divided into four classes. The first group of rats did not get hyperglycemia. Only one rat in the mg group developed diabetes. A single intraperitoneal i. Application of three days of provision of injections induced the diabetes. Glucose levels were measured using a glucometer and tail glucose strips. Then blood glucose level were measured at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours interval on daily basis upto seven consecutive days following previous protocol \[ 29 \]. For the oral glucose tolerance test, four groups of rats were formed and each group consisted of four rats with following constituents:. To assess the impact of different extracts on blood glucose level, a procedure of Ajaib et al \[ 30 \] was used. The blood glucose was measured after every 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1. Analgesic activity of leaf, fruit, and stem of E. The hot plate method was used to investigate analgesic activity in mice \[ 31 \]. Reaction time RT was measured by the time it took the mice to lift or lick their hind limbs RT. The mice who lifted their tails from hot water in less than 5 seconds were chosen for the experiment. Every 30 minutes, 9—10 readings were taken as previously used protocol \[ 32 \]. It was a one-day experiment in which overnight starved mice were given an oral dose of extracts or medicine before being injected with 20 microliters formalin into the dorsal lateral surface of the left hind paw. For 30—40 minutes, then counted how many times each animal licked and bite. The reaction was bi-phasic, with the early phase being indicated by the initial nociceptive response 0—5 minutes after formalin injection and the late phase being shown by 15—30 minutes. In a huge beaker, this experiment was conducted \[ 32 , 33 \]. This activity was done by using two models which are described as following:. In this study design we have used five groups of animals which were chosen at random comprising of five animals in each group. The details of the group were as:. Group IV: Test group leaves methanolic extract of E. Group V: Test group leaves methanolic extract of E. All groups fasted for 24 hours, but could stay hydrated. They were deprived of water for two hours after starting the trial. The goal of fasting was to prevent gastrointestinal reactions to treatments. Orally, each rat was given a pre-treatment based on weight and group. The negative control group received distilled water only. The animals were subsequently killed with anesthesia method using excessive chloroform or diethyl ether in CO 2 chambers and their stomachs were removed. To assess gastric volume, total acidity, mucosa weight, pH and stomachs were split open along the greater curvature. The stomachs were then gently cleansed with saline solution and examined on a wax plate as previously cited protocol \[ 34 \]. According to Choi et al. They were dehydrated for two hours before the experiment. Each rat was given a pre-treatment orally, based on weight and group. The negative control group got cars distilled water only. These treatments were given once a day for 14 days. At 15 days, all animals were starved for 24 hours but had free access to water and were separated into cages with one rat per cage. The animals were killed with use of excessive chloroform or diethyl ether in a CO 2 environment to make them completely sense-less to make painless at time of sacrifice or slaughtering and their stomachs were removed very carefully for further experimental trials. To assess gastric volume, total acidity, mucosa weight and pH, stomachs were split open along the greater curvature. The stomachs were then gently cleansed with saline solution and examined on a wax plate \[ 35 \]. The stomach was flushed with normal saline, and the changes in the inner walls of the stomach were examined macroscopically with a magnifying glass and a dissecting microscope. The number of lesions, red spots and hemorrhagic streaks is reported and used to calculate the ulcer index. The photos were taken with a smartphone camera \[ 36 \]. The ulcers were assigned ratings depending on their severity as stated in protocol of previous study \[ 37 \]. The method of Gul et al. The following formula was used to measure the percentage of defence \[ 38 \]. The cardiac end of the stomach was dissected out and its contents drained into a falcon tube and after centrifugation at rpm for 10 minutes, take supernatant the volume of gastrointestinal juice was determined by previous researcher \[ 39 \]. An aliquot part of the supernatant was taken and the pH of the fluid was measured using a digital pH meter as per cited protocol \[ 40 \]. Fill a vial of one 1 mL containing gastric juice. As an indication, use two drops of phenolphthalein. It was titrated with 0. It was estimated how much 0. The aim of this portion of the experiment was to determine the weight of the mucosa layer that prevents lesions from developing. In this protocol procedure of Wahyuni et al. During the stomach dissection, the contents were taken and placed in centrifuge tubes, which were centrifuged for 10 minutes at rpm. Centrifugation was used to isolate the mucosa from the stomach acid. The supernatant was used in a pH test before being removed, and the sediment mucosa was held in a falcon tube and weighed with a weight balance to determine the mucosa weight. After that, the stomachs were trimmed and covered in cold paper before being placed in the container. The stomachs were processed using an integrated tissue processing unit. The biopsied stomachs were then fixed in paraffin wax and cut into 5 micrometer tissue pieces using a rotary microtome. Finally, the collected tissue parts were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope to detect the presence of any histological alterations such as edema, necrosis, hemorrhage, and congestion in the gastric lesion and mucosa layer. Under X magnification, the obtained thin section was examined \[ 44 \]. The phytochemical qualitative and quantitative examination indicated the existence of various abundant secondary metabolites in all three plant parts. The existence of carbohydrates, pholabatannis, phytosterol, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, Glycosides, proteins, steroids and triterpenoids were present in the leaf, fruit and stem whereas were saponins in all three parts of and glycosides were absent in fruit and stem of experimental plant E. The phytochemical quantitative analysis of methanolic extract revealed that alkaloids were present in the highest quantity in leaf extract Flavonoids were quantified in highest amount in leaf extract Tannins were present as the highest amount in leaf extract 1. The phenols were present highest amount in leaf extract The results were compared with the previous work which was based on evaluating the phytochemical evaluation of different parts of Himalrandia tetrasperma which is near relative and medicinal plants \[ 47 \]. Albeit similar and congruent results outcomes were also reported by the Ajaib et al. Findings showed that after 30 mins readings were Results from oral glucose tolerance test OGT test showed that due to a lack of some biological products such as saponins all of three parts were failed to overcome diabetes Table 2. Analgesic activity of leaf, fruit and stem of E. Tables 2 and 3. All three components of E. These results were compared with the work of Ajaib et al. The pain reaction time PRT at 0 hr from 8. For leaf, fruit, and stem were Aspirin prolongs the PRT relative to the control group. The results of the tail flick method showed that leaf and fruit extracts showed significant results, whilst stems showed promising results. Statistically significant from control and standard drug. In both phases, all oral extract doses reduced paw shaking, licking, and biting of the formalin-injected paw. Plant extracts from the leaves, fruit, and stem had a strong inhibitory effect on both phases of formalin-induced pain. The results of formalin paw licking and biting revealed that at 10 minutes, leaf, fruit, and stem showed significant results of 3. At 15 minutes, 2. At 20 minutes 2. Values become decrease with time. According to the findings, the plant has a significant antinociceptive impact. The findings were compared with work of Sanmugapriya and Venkataraman, who did investigated the analgesic activity of ethanolic root extract of Croton zambesicus \[ 51 \]. It is a sore in the stomach, small intestine, or throat. Inhibiting prostaglandin synthase PG synthesis or increasing mucus production are two ways to reduce stomach acid secretion \[ 41 , 53 — 55 \]. According to Lakshmi, an imbalance between defensive and aggressive components like as acid, H. Various chemicals induce gastrointestinal injury. The ethanol-induced stomach mucosal injury is complex. Its rapid penetration into the stomach mucosa promotes increased mucosal permeability and vasoactive substance release, causing vascular and gastrointestinal damage \[ 58 , 59 \]. The current study investigated the effects of E. The ability of E. The negative control was to examine if plant extracts differed in their ability to inhibit stomach ulcers. The positive control, omeprazole, demonstrated antiulcerogenic activity. A microscopic examination of stomach revealed that there was no ulcer in the normal group and significant ulcer streaks and patches were observed in the stomachs of animals pre-treated with ethanol in acute ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. However, the control medication, omeprazole, caused minor ulcers and primed the stomach wall against ethanol-induced ulcers. Similarly, E. The gastric volume of ethanol-treated rats was greater than that of control rats. A gastric ulcer causes more gastric juice. However, E. Similarly, ethanol-treated groups had lower pH than control groups. Less ethanol and greater E. More acidity means more stomach ulcers. The ulcer index increased following ethanol treatment. The ulcer index of control group seemed to be dropped and it was found that omeprazole worked better and similar results were narrated by Hammad et al. Similarly, compared to the ethanolic group, E. The ethanol-treated groups had less mucosa than the control groups. Less ethanol and more E. Compared to the ethanolic group, two distinct dosages of E. These doses decreased stomach volume, raised pH, and increased total, indicating possible antiulcer drugs. These data reveal that E. Congestion effusion, apoptotic cells other groups observed similar characteristics, although with lower ethanol concentrations \[ 62 \]. In Aspirin-induced gastric ulcer models, increased release of stomach acid and pepsin leads to autoimmunity, gastric mucosa digesting, and mucosal barrier disintegration \[ 59 , 63 \]. A decrease in bicarbonate and mucus output due to aspirin inhibition. Aspirin-induced stomach damage may be connected to free radical scavenging \[ 59 — 63 \]. The normal group had no ulcers, but the animals pre-treated with aspirin-induced gastric ulcer had large ulcer streaks and patches. It created small ulcers and primed the stomach wall against aspirin-induced ulcers. The stomach capacity of ethanol-treated mice was high, but control and treatment group drugs reduced gastric volume to normal animal levels. The control drugs all lowered stomach volume. Similarly, ethanol-treated groups had a lower pH than control groups. This means that the E. Among the experimental groups, E. A higher overall acidity indicates a stomach ulcer. Overall acidity was reduced by methanolic E. As a consequence, both control and experimental drugs reduced stomach volume, pH, and overall acidity, indicating ulcer-inhibitory potential. Thus, E. Congestion effusion, apoptotic cells other groups observed similar characteristics, although with lower ethanol concentrations. Results were compared with Gamal et al. Evaluating the anti-ulcer activity of methanolic extract of Jatropha curcas L. This study reveals and confirms that this traditional ethnomedicinal plant TEMP has very pivotal role in daily life of human being dwelling in the study of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. This plant has powerful painkiller function is significant. We are grateful to the staff of Mirpur University for helping us in data collection and analysis through experiments. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. PLoS One. Analysis of antidiabetic, antiulcer and analgesic potential of traditional ethnomedicinal plant Emex spinosa L. Find articles by Muhammad Ajaib. Find articles by Saiqa Ishtiaq. Find articles by Muhammad Ishtiaq. Find articles by Mehwish Maqbool. Find articles by Khizar Hayat Bhatti. Afsheen Khan 4 Department of Botany, Dr. Find articles by Afsheen Khan. Find articles by Afeera Afreen. Find articles by Tanveer Hussain. Find articles by Tauqeer Sardar. Find articles by Alia Gul. Find articles by Muhammad Azeem. Muhammad Ajaib : Supervision. Saiqa Ishtiaq : Data curation, Formal analysis. Muhammad Ishtiaq : Conceptualization. Mehwish Maqbool : Data curation, Methodology. Khizar Hayat Bhatti : Conceptualization, Investigation. Afsheen Khan : Validation, Visualization. Afeera Afreen : Writing — original draft. Tanveer Hussain : Project administration, Validation. Tauqeer Sardar : Formal analysis. Alia Gul : Methodology. Muhammad Azeem : Data curation, Software. Received Mar 31; Accepted Aug 23; Collection date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Methanolic leave Extract.

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