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J Clin Res Paramed Sci. In recent decades, the increasing use of information and communication technologies has had a major effect on the healthcare delivery 1 , 2. The number of internet users in the world increased significantly from In sub-Saharan Africa, estimates showed a five-year increase in Internet users from 35 to 50 percent 4. Over the time, advanced technology has caused changes in the pattern of shopping, including changes in purchases from pharmacies. This condition is a business opportunity for pharmacy entrepreneurs to grow business using online systems 5. New online sales methods and media are also used by pharmacies 6. Changes in consumer behavior advance in information technology, and the Internet is a critical factor in the emergence of virtual healthcare services, including online pharmacies. The annual increase in online purchases of consumer goods and services, which account for a significant proportion of drugs and health-related products, has been reported in the literature 7 - 9. Online pharmacies refer to online service providers and retailers of medicines, goods, and health-related services. These services offer considerable benefits including convenience and efficiency, competitive price, accessibility, privacy, and door-to-door delivery without geographical restrictions unlike traditional pharmacies Check their health and order personal and home care products Online pharmacies monitor or verify that the patient has a prescription or make evaluation themselves. They provide medicine from a reliable source and make recommendations if necessary There are many online pharmacies worldwide each with different content information, features, characteristics, facilities and properties. Including the content information, features, characteristics and facilities required by designers to design online pharmacy systems makes it possible to optimize system performance, collect standard data, recognize these systems, and facilitate their implementation. Prashanti et al. In similar studies, the focus was more on design models and marketing topics. No systematic research collected the content information, features, characteristics and facilities required to design an online pharmacy system. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present the content information used, features, characteristics, and properties of online pharmacy systems. The present findings can be used as a model to design an online pharmacy system. The steps taken to conduct this review are summarized below:. Initially, all articles describing the online pharmacy system were eligible and were considered for inclusion. Articles whose content information, capabilities and facilities were related to the provision of online pharmaceutical services. Books, animal studies, conference papers, commentaries, presentations, and letters to editorial were excluded. Only English-language papers were included. A systematic review of papers was conducted on studies that report the content information, features, characteristics and facilities of online pharmacy. For this purpose, from to July , a set of related keywords were found and selected. The keywords associated with online pharmacies were words meaning these systems and online pharmaceutical services provision. Box 1 shows the keywords used to identify the relevant papers. All these keywords were combined using the OR operator. Search strategy in all 4 databases is presented in Appendix 1. Initially, all studies were selected without considering the addition criteria to the study. At first, Mendeley identified duplicate papers imported from different databases. Then an Internet-based systematic review software platform Rayyan QCRI 15 was used to add search results electronically from databases to find and remove the remaining duplicates. The two authors MHP, SN independently reviewed the titles and abstracts found in the search process with eligibility criteria. Then, the full text of the articles was reviewed by the same two previous reviewers to select related articles. Any disagreement between the reviewers was resolved through meetings and discussion. If no agreement was made, a third reviewer RKH was consulted. In addition, the reference lists of relevant articles were evaluated for the relevant publications. The third reviewer reviewed the extracted data to ensure that the data were accurate and complete. An email was also sent to the authors of two unavailable articles to access the text of those articles, but we did not receive any response. These data elements and features were derived from the text, tables, figures, URLs, and screenshots available in the papers. We first identified 3, records by searching the literature databases Figure 1. Then, 1, duplicate papers deleted. The initial screening of titles and abstracts of the remaining 1, papers was done. In the next step, 1, papers were deleted, and 58 eligible papers were selected for a full-text review. Finally, 16 papers that remained, met our inclusion criteria and were used for a detailed analysis. The main characteristics of these papers are summarized in Table 1 and Figure 2. Table 1 shows that out of 16 papers, 11 papers were published from onwards 11 - 13 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 24 - Apart from one 20 , 15 others addressed the issue only from a commercial perspective. None of the studies provided services on the application platform, but all were web-based. Three papers reviewed community single and chain pharmacies 11 , 15 , Also three papers examined only community single pharmacies 17 , 18 , The results are shown in Table 1. Figure 2 shows the characteristics and attributes of online pharmacy systems. In 11 papers, the geographical location and address of the pharmacy were mentioned on the website 11 , 12 , 15 - 19 , 21 , 24 , 25 , The pharmacy contact number was mentioned in 10 papers 15 - 19 , 21 - Out of 17 papers, only six mentioned the registration code or activity license 12 , 15 - 17 , 19 , The logo was another parameter addressed in only four paper 15 , 16 , 19 , Out of 16 papers, four provided services 24 hours a day 12 , 16 , 18 , The personnel profile was another feature uploaded on the website in only two papers 12 , In 14 papers, prescriptions were required to provide pharmaceutical services 11 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 26 , Figure 3 lists the facilities, operations, and services reported in the reviewed papers. Limitation on the number of orders for pharmaceutical items by the customer was a feature reported in only one paper Distribution and delivery services were another feature introduced in 14 papers except for two 11 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 18 - The ability of the online physician to order prescription drugs was also reported in two papers 11 , Three also provided services in the field of medical equipment 11 , 12 , The ability to provide additional information about drugs was also a feature mentioned in fourteen papers 11 , 12 , 27 , The present study identified and reviewed the content information, features, characteristics and facilities of online pharmacy systems. This study showed a high variety in the use of features, services and capabilities of online pharmacy systems. Most online pharmacy systems became popular after Most of them were web-based and for business purposes. Depending on the rules and regulations of each country, some features of these systems were mandatory and some optional. For example, prescriptions were required for pharmaceutical items in some and optional in others. Some pharmacies distributed and sent drugs via postal companies to customers, but others did not. Out of 16 papers, only 1 indicated a limit on the number of orders It shows that the commercial dimension has received more attention than the clinical dimension. A lack of restrictions on ordering some drugs can create opportunities for disruptors in the drug market. In 14 of the 16 the cases analyzed, the parameters of sending services and pharmaceutical items through postal companies and receiving additional information about drugs were found to be the most common parameters. The online pharmacy system can also be used as a reference for people to receive medical information. Easy access to services can be the main reason for choosing an online pharmacy In this study, all the papers submitted were web-based and there were no application-based papers, which could affect the easy access to services. In some, the physical address of the pharmacy, contact number, activity license details, and pharmacist and staff details were not mentioned. In contrast, according to the existing rules of most countries, these details should be available in the online pharmacy system This could show that such online pharmacies are illegal Illegal pharmacies can pose direct and indirect risks to patients and shoppers It shows inconsistency in the use and compliance with international standards and rules in online pharmacies. In some countries, regulatory agencies established some rules and regulations to further monitor the delivery of pharmaceutical services based on online platforms, which must be used as required Some online pharmaceutical systems are licensed only to provide services within a country, but some are available worldwide in most countries. These internal rules may not be helpful, but may restrict global free access to certain pharmaceutical services. Thus, domestic rules may not meet all the needs of such systems, and there is a need to set rules and standards on a global scale 33 , The papers reported in this study were examined without considering the national rules and regulations. The present findings can be used for designers of such systems, who choose the aforementioned items in future designs. The next step could be to study how to provide technical solutions to facilitate communication and data exchange between such systems. In the present study, there were 3 limitations. At first, two papers could not be accessed despite further search and sending emails to authors. Due to the limited number, their absence had no effect on the results of this study. Secondly, this study covered papers published until July Therefore, no subsequent study was reported in this study. Future studies may include gray literature. This study showed that online pharmacy systems differ in content information, features, characteristics, facilities and properties. Some features were mentioned in some studies but not in others. Depending on some circumstances, some parameters may or may not be used in an online pharmacy system. The design process will be easier for designers if international standards and rules are developed in the design of online pharmacy systems which ultimately makes it easier to use and share data. Kaur A. Poudel A, Nissen LM. Telepharmacy: a pharmacist's perspective on the clinical benefits and challenges. Integr Pharm Res Pract. Health Policy Technol. Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunication Union; Nasution A, Baidawi T. Al Badi K. SAGE Open. Chen X. Open Journal of Social Sciences. Aminu SA. Challenges militating against adoption of online shopping in retail industry in Nigeria. International journal of trends in marketing management. Innov Pharm. Zwier S. J Med Internet Res. A detailed analysis of online pharmacy characteristics to inform safe usage by patients. Int J Clin Pharm. A Review on Online Pharmacy. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. J Young Pharm. An evaluation of the quality of Turkish community pharmacy web sites concerning HON principles. Telemed J E Health. Development and management of online pharmacies in China. E-pharmacy - a boon or bane. Int J Pharm Res. Evaluating aspects of online medication safety in long-term follow-up of Internet pharmacies: illegal rogue online pharmacies flourish and are long-lived. Rev Saude Publica. Medications from the web: use of online pharmacies by emergency department patients. J Emerg Med. Online pharmacies: desirable characteristics and regulations. Gabay M. Hosp Pharm. The emergent business of internet pharmacies: convenience, risks, regulatory policies and future. Abanmy N. The extent of use of online pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. The sale of antihypertensive drugs by online pharmacies in China: A nationwide cross-sectional survey. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Behaviour analysis of patients who purchase medicines on the internet: can hospital pharmacists facilitate online medication safety? Eur J Hosp Pharm. Perception and knowledge to online pharmacy services among consumers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a pilot survey. Lat Am J Pharm. Mavlanova T, Benbunan-Fich R. Basu N, Shenbagaraman VM. Regulation of online pharmacies in China: the current situation and suggested improvements. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Context: Many pharmacies provide pharmaceutical services through information technology. Many people also prefer online pharmaceutical services to face-to-face services. Online pharmacies can facilitate access to pharmaceutical services. When designing an online pharmacy system, designers need to know the content information, features, characteristics, and facilities of online pharmacies. Objectives: The present study aimed to systematically collect and provide content information, features, characteristics, and facilities of online pharmacy systems. Study Selection: Two authors independently reviewed and evaluated the primary studies and examined the content information, features, characteristics, and facilities in three categories: Study characteristics, system attributes, functionality and services. Data Extraction: From to July , related keywords were found. Books, animal studies, conference papers, and letters to editorial were excluded. Results: From 3, extracted papers, 16 met the inclusion criteria and entered the study. After screening the papers, 35 content information, features, characteristics, and facilities were examined. None of the plentiful content information, features, characteristics, and facilities found in this study followed the same rules and regulations. Conclusions: The present findings showed that online pharmacy systems are somewhat different in terms of content information and other properties. If international standards and rules are developed in the design of online pharmacy systems, which ultimately makes it easier to use. Also The design process will be easier for designers. Context In recent decades, the increasing use of information and communication technologies has had a major effect on the healthcare delivery 1 , 2. The steps taken to conduct this review are summarized below: 3. Eligibility Criteria and Search Strategy Initially, all articles describing the online pharmacy system were eligible and were considered for inclusion. Box 1. Keywords Used in the Search Strategy. Keywords 1- Virtual pharmacy 2- Virtual pharmacies 3- E-pharmacy 4- E-pharmacy 5- Online pharmacy 6- Online pharmacies 7- Internet pharmacy 8- Internet pharmacies 9- Online medication Electronic pharmacy Electronic pharmacies Online pharmaceutical services Online pharmaceutical service Remote pharmacy Tele-pharmacy Websites selling prescription drugs Online pharmacy practice Online pharmacy service Online pharmacy services Web-based pharmacy Web-based pharmacies Online drug distribution Online pharmaceutical care Online medication dispensing Internet pharmacy services. Table 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. System attributes. Figure 3. Functionality and services. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. Filling the gap in the combination of clinical and commercial services presented on the websites of licensed community pharmacies. Describing the use of online pharmacies and comparing the rules prevalent in the USA and UK for the operations of online pharmacies. Determining the quality of approximately online pharmacies and comparing this between regulated and unregulated sites. Evaluating online pharmacy websites for compliance with regulatory criteria and comparing the prices of medicines sold by these pharmacies. Assessing the 32 qualified online pharmacies in China, and introducing the business model of 25 online pharmacies which are initiating an online business. Providing evidence for increased demand, online availability and consumer accessibility of Ivermectin, an anthelmintic agent, without substantiated indications in reference to SARS-CoV Selecting, evaluating and following Internet pharmacy websites to identify indicators of professional online pharmacy services and online medication safety. Evaluating Brazilian online pharmacies to assess the validity and potential gaps in the information provided. Expounding on the historical development of internet pharmacies, their rapid growth during recent times, their advantages, concerns and regulatory actions to keep them under control; containing advice to customers to avoid monetary and physical harm from illegal online pharmacies. Exploring the extent of use of online pharmacies in Saudi Arabia which will be useful for the scientific community and regulators. Employing the simulated client method to investigate the sale of antihypertensive drugs by online pharmacies across China.
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