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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Address for correspondence to Leah J. Floyd, Ph. Fax: Among adolescents, peers are an important source of drug procurement. However, little is known about factors associated with youths' involvement in drug trade. The aim of the study is to identify substance use behaviors and contextual factors related to drug dealing among Black and White adolescents. Separate backward logistic regression was used to identify substance use behaviors and contextual factors associated with drug dealing among Black and White youths. Among White youths, drug dealing was associated with use of marijuana, hallucinogens, cocaine, prescription drug misuse, availability of cocaine, and socioeconomic status SES. Among Black youths, marijuana use and availability of crack and marijuana were associated with drug dealing. For White youths, substance use seems to be more relevant to drug dealing. Consequently, preventing and treating substance abuse may reduce involvement in the illegal distribution of drugs among White youths. More research is needed to identify risk and protective factors for drug dealing among Black adolescents. Adolescent substance use and misuse continues to be a major public health concern 1. Among adolescents, peers are important sources for obtaining drugs. Further, in the United States, drug violations account for Although some attention has been given to the problem of adolescent drug dealing, research into factors associated with drug dealing remains underdeveloped. Theoretical models e. Specifically, research findings indicate youths who use drugs are more likely to sell drugs 7 — 10 , Socioeconomic deprivation is another risk factor, which has received attention in the literature on adolescent drug dealing 13 — Socioeconomic disadvantage is thought to place Black youths at increased risk for drug dealing. It is argued that Black youths' experience of low social status and reduced socioeconomic opportunities creates pressure that motivates participation in criminal activity 13 , 15 — The importance of identifying malleable individual level and contextual factors related to drug dealing is underscored by the numerous adverse social and health consequences associated with involvement with drugs. In the current article, two questions are posed. First, does the relationship between substance use and drug dealing vary by type of drug used? Second, is the receipt of public assistance related to drug dealing? Given the plethora of literature on racial differences in involvement with drugs, separate models are tested for Black and White adolescents 4 , Furthermore, if this relationship varies across race and socioeconomic status SES , tailored interventions may be required. Finally, the present study is unique in that data is drawn from a national dataset. A total of 85, persons were selected nationwide. Consistent with previous surveys in the NSDUH series, the final respondent sample of 67, persons was representative of the U. The present study consisted of 13, Black and White adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. The NSDUH is part of a coordinated five-year sample design providing estimates for all 50 states plus the District of Columbia for the years through The respondent universe is the civilian, non-institutionalized population aged 12 years or older residing within the United States. The survey included persons living in non-institutionalized group quarters e. Persons excluded from the survey included persons with no fixed household address, active-duty military personnel, and residents of institutional group quarters e. The data collection method involved in-person interviews, incorporating procedures that would be likely to increase respondents' willingness to report honestly about their behavior. Respondents' names were not collected with the data and computer-assisted interviewing methods were used to provide a confidential setting to complete the interview. Participants were asked if they used: marijuana, cocaine, heroin, LSD, ecstasy, stimulants, methamphetamines, CPN methamphetamines, sedatives, oxyContin, prescription drugs, inhalants, pain relievers, and tranquilizers in the past 12 months. On a Likert-type scale from 1 impossible to 5 very easy , participants rated how difficult it was to get the following drugs: 1 marijuana, 2 LSD, 3 crack, 4 cocaine, and 5 heroin. For data analyses, individuals were grouped into one of two groups i. Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe the sample characteristics of a subgroup of 13, Black and White adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Backwards stepwise logistic regression was used to select a group of factors that appeared to have the strongest independent associations with drug dealing for whites and blacks separately. Inclusion and removal of the predictors or covariates are based solely on statistical criteria For all analyses, the individual sampling weights provided by the NSDUH were used to provide estimates that are representative of the U. The sample included 13, White and Black youths between 12 and 17 years of age. Approximately 3. Among Whites, rates of drug dealing were 4. Among Black adolescent males and females, rates of drug dealing were 6. Rates of drug dealing did not differ across race. Males were more likely to report involvement in drug dealing. Results are summarized in Table 1. Although rates of drug dealing were similar across race, different patterns of substance use and contextual factors associated with drug dealing emerged for Blacks compared to Whites. Specifically, Black youths who used marijuana were 13 times more likely to sell drugs compared to Black youths who did not use marijuana. In contrast, among White youths the use of marijuana, hallucinogens, and cocaine was positively associated with drug dealing. Also, White youths who misused prescription drugs were three times more likely to sell drugs, compared to White youths who did not misuse prescription drugs. For Black and White youths, weak relationships emerged between drug dealing and the availability of crack and powder cocaine, respectively. Additionally, Black youths who indicated marijuana was easy to obtain were five times more likely to report drug dealing, compared to Black youths who thought marijuana was difficult to obtain. Finally, White youths who received public assistance were less likely to engage in drug dealing, compared to White youths who did not receive public assistance. Our findings are consistent with research suggesting a relationship between substance use and drug dealing 7 — 10 , Yet, the current study findings expand previous research by high-lighting differences in associations between specific use and availability of drugs and drug dealing across race. For example, given the pharmacological effects of hallucinogens, cocaine and many of the commonly misused prescription drugs, the current findings suggest White adolescents who sell drugs may be more entrenched in substance misuse and abuse e. This finding is consistent with research by Dembo et al. Furthermore, the inverse association between family receipt of public assistance and drug dealing implies White adolescents' involvement in selling drugs may not be a consequence of or response to economic deprivation. Interestingly, for White youths substance abuse prevention and treatment may serve to reduce their involvement in the illegal distribution of drugs. However, for Black youths involvement in drug dealing may represent a different domain. No relationship emerged between selling drugs and personal use of any drug other than marijuana. This finding is not surprising given substance use trends among Black adolescents. For example, national data indicate Black youths' drug of choice is marijuana and an overall trend among African Americans for a later onset of other drug abuse and dependence 1 , In addition, our findings are similar to those of Friedman et al. Factors other than individual substance use e. Extant literature suggests among blacks, social and economic factors play a significant role in their involvement in the drug economy 13 , 15 , Nevertheless, in the present study, family receipt of government benefits was not related to drug dealing. Similar to the present study's findings, Friedman et al. A review of the literature revealed many studies citing SES as a potential risk factor for drug dealing focused on individuals residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods 13 — Individual level measures of SES were not included in the analyses. These findings, when taken into consideration with current study findings suggesting the availability of marijuana and crack is associated with drug trade, implicate the social environment as an important contributor to involvement in drug dealing among Black youths 7 , 18 , 23 , Although the present study offers insight into drug dealing among adolescents, the findings must be considered in light of the study's limitations. Presently, a single item measure of individual level SES was included. Although there is no gold standard for measuring SES, a comprehensive measure of individual SES would likely improve prediction. Also, the validity of self-report is questionable. However, studies have demonstrated that adolescents' self-report measures can yield valid measures Additionally, the generalizability of the findings is limited, given only Black and White youths are included and homeless youths are excluded. Finally, given the cross-sectional nature of the study, we cannot determine if substance use preceded drug dealing. Still, the current study provides insight into drug dealing among youths. In conclusion, substance use prevention and treatment for White youths may reduce involvement in drug trade. Presently, more work is needed to identify factors associated with drug dealing among Black youths. This research was supported by U. Declaration of Interest The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the writing of the article. The authors acknowledge that the article has not been published elsewhere and has not been submitted simultaneously for publication elsewhere. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. Find articles by Leah J Floyd. Pierre K Alexandre , Ph. Find articles by Pierre K Alexandre. Sarra L Hedden , Ph. Find articles by Sarra L Hedden. Find articles by April L Lawson. William W Latimer , Ph. Find articles by William W Latimer. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.
Alcohol and substance dependence in the United Arab Emirates: a scoping review protocol
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Therefore, we aim to produce a scoping review to summarise available scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence ASD in all ethnic and religious groups in the UAE to inform future scientific inquiries. Drawing on the participants, concept, context PCC framework, the following review question was developed: What can be learnt from a review of scientific literature on alcohol and substance abuse in all ethnic and religious groups in the UAE? The scientific literature on ASD in the UAE published between and January , in either English or Arabic, will be considered, including all ethnic, religious and age groups. Grey literature, such as postgraduate dissertations and conference proceedings, will also be considered. Eight English and two Arabic databases and print copies of literature sources in university libraries will be included. EndNote and Covidence software will be used for deduplication, screening and data extraction. Screening and reviewing search results will involve two English-speaking and two Arabic-speaking team members who will work independently. A third reviewer will resolve conflicts. Data charting informed by the Covidence data extraction tool 2. Ethical approval is not required for this study because this is a scoping review of published studies and grey literature. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journal publications, scientific conferences and a policy brief. A scoping review of the scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence across all ethnic and religious groups in the United Arab Emirates since will be produced. The review will include paper copies of scientific literature published in the s and s that are unavailable online. A diverse team of English and Arabic-speaking faculty with a background in Social work will conduct the review. Alcohol and drug abuse is a centuries-old escalating global issue linked to various adverse health and social consequences for individuals, families and communities. Decades of studies have accumulated evidence that adverse childhood experiences, comorbidities such as anxiety, mood disorders and other mental health difficulties, contribute to the development of ASD. Research over the years has demonstrated that despite cultural, religious and legal constraints, ASD is on the rise among Muslim Arabs in Islamic nations such as Syria, 7 Jordan and Palestine, 8 9 Saudi Arabia, 10—13 and Kuwait. A systematic review identified 60 studies published between and that reported on alcohol and other substance abuse addictions among Arab Muslims living in GCC countries. The review comprised seven studies conducted in the UAE between and These seven studies examined sociodemographic variables, community samples and legal issues associated with ASD. Some scholars explored the cultural elements and treatment delivery, 17 while others focused their studies on the estimates of the economic implications of addiction in the UAE. They attempted to gain a deeper understanding of the attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in the UAE regarding substance dependence and to identify factors that, in their view, may influence the risk of substance use and suggested possible interventions. The Federal Supreme Council is the highest legislative and executive body, consisting of seven members one for each Emirate. However, some powers are kept with the individual emirates. The population increased dramatically, from in to 9. Since the establishment of the UAE in , the economic and social landscape has shifted significantly. Citizens moved from a nomadic and isolated life into a luxurious lifestyle in urban areas and may have been influenced by the values and traditions of the large expat community. Therefore, alcohol consumption is forbidden by Islam and local law in the UAE. As a result, the regulations on alcohol consumption were again amended to reflect the changing society. As a result, residents in six Emirates no longer need a license to consume alcohol, whereas Sharjah strictly prohibits it. Nonetheless, the legal drinking age of 21 was maintained, as was a zero-tolerance policy for drinking and driving, being in public while intoxicated and selling or serving alcohol to Muslims. The UAE has a zero-tolerance for the recreational use and possession of narcotic drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin, methadone, opium and psychotropic drugs, for example, painkillers, unless part of a supervised and regulated medical and scientific activity. In a preliminary estimate, Doran 18 reported that out of a total population of 8. In , there were admissions, of which were first-time treatment admissions, compared with in and first-time treatment seekers. Alarmingly, people were arrested in the UAE for drug-related crimes in , up To summarise, in light of the increase of ASD in the UAE communities, the long-term adverse effect of ASD, the limitations of the systematic review mentioned earlier, 15 and the growing body of research on ASD in the UAE, a systematic search on the scientific literature on ASD in the UAE that includes all cultural and religious backgrounds over the last 50 years is needed. A scoping review is the most appropriate evidence synthesis to synthesise scientific literature in the UAE. Following the development of the review question, the inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in table 2 , were formulated to guide the identification of eligible studies for inclusion in the review. All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome. Scientific literature on ASD, including studies reporting the prevalence, risk factors, relapse, treatment, aftercare and overdose. This scoping review will consider scientific literature such as quantitative, qualitative and experimental study designs, including randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, before-and-after studies and interrupted time-series studies. In addition, analytical observational studies, including prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case—control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies, will be considered for inclusion. This review will also consider descriptive observational study designs, including case series, individual case reports and descriptive cross-sectional studies for inclusion. Qualitative studies focusing on qualitative data will also include, but are not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, qualitative description, action research and feminist research. Grey literature, such as conference proceedings and postgraduate dissertations, will also be included. Older literature sources, such as dissertations and theses from the s and s, may be difficult to find online. As a result, on request, a librarian will identify and retrieve hard copy scientific sources from the UAE University library or other libraries. Following a consultation with a librarian at the UAE University and studying text words contained in the titles and abstracts of search results, the search terms were amended. These 10 databases will be divided among the team members and searched between March and May using the search script that will be adapted for each database. Studies published in English or Arabic between and January will be included due to the limitations of the previous systematic review. However, the studies included in the systematic review will be used to identify eligible studies that may not have been identified through the searches. For each included database and information source, the following keywords, in both English and Arabic, as well as a combination of the search fields' title, abstract, keywords and MeSH terms, will be applied and adapted:. Handsearches of the reference list of all included full-length articles will be screened for additional studies. We will also search ResearchGate and Artificial Intelligence platforms such as Research Rabbit and Elicit to screen for eligible studies. Furthermore, contact will be made with study authors to explore if they know of any other unpublished studies. Next, AF will export research results from the OneDrive folder to an EndNote library, where duplicates will be removed within and across databases. The team settings in Covidence will allow importing citations, managing screening by multiple reviewers, data extraction and file export. The screening of titles and abstracts will be done over two stages. In preparation for the first stage, screening titles and abstracts and the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be pilot tested by screening at least ten titles and abstracts during a team meeting. Next, the team will adjust eligibility criteria see table 2 and formulate a potential justification for exclusion. Finally, four members will independently screen all the English and other Arabic titles and abstracts against the inclusion and exclusion criteria to remove irrelevant material. Justification for exclusions will be documented in Covidence. The screening phase will take place between June and August Only full-length articles from studies that reached a consensus on inclusion will be downloaded during the second screening phase. Two team members will independently review the English full-text articles, and two Arabic-speaking team members will assess the Arabic articles against the eligibility criteria. Reasons for excluding sources of evidence in full text that do not meet the inclusion criteria will be recorded. After a decision was made on the full-text included studies, the reference lists of the included studies will be screened to identify further eligible studies by KC and KAR. These articles will be imported to Covidence, and AF, VA, AA and MA will screen the titles and abstracts, followed by downloading and screening for eligible full-length articles. Next, two team members, PT and KAR, will contact experts in the field to obtain unpublished studies, reports and conference presentations. These sources will be screened for eligibility by these two team members. Next, data extraction will take place. First, data extraction 2. The draft extraction form will first be pilot tested by the two reviewers on at least five studies. Next, the research team will meet to discuss the finalisation of the data extraction during a team meeting. Two reviewers will independently extract data and send it for consensus to a third reviewer on Covidence. If appropriate, authors of papers will be contacted to request missing or additional data, where required. The extracted data will be circulated hereafter on Google Drive for other team members to review. Any amendments to the data extraction tool will be documented in the Scoping review. Data charting will take place between September and November After the data extraction, the export function in Covidence will be used to export the data in an excel. Finally, the data sheet will be prepared for data analysis and synthesis. Following data analysis and an iterative process between the data set and ASD literature, categories will be developed to respond directly to the review question s. The findings will be presented graphically or in diagrammatic or tabular form. Data analysis and writing up the scoping review findings will occur between December and February There is no patient involved in the study. However, a summary of the findings will be sent to key stakeholders in the UAE working in the field of ASD in February to comment on and provide feedback before submission for publication. Contributors: AF conceived of the idea, developed the research questions and study methods and contributed meaningfully to the drafting and editing; she has also approved the final manuscript. Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Refer to the Methods section for further details. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. BMJ Open. Find articles by Abdulaziz Albrithen. Find articles by Mariam AlNuaimi. Find articles by Khoula Al Riyami. Find articles by Vinnarasan Aruldoss. Find articles by Krista Cooper. Find articles by Raquel Marta. Find articles by Prospera Tedam. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. Open in a new tab. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria All humans no restrictions : All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome. English and Arabic languages Online and hard copy sources Grey literature, such as postgraduate dissertations and conference proceedings. Opinion and narrative literature reviews Retrospective correlation studies between alcohol and drug consumption and medical conditions. Studies covering the treatment of medical conditions. Search dates: 30 January Filters: Language English; —January Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Population important characteristics of participants. The scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence. All humans no restrictions : All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome.
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Alcohol and substance dependence in the United Arab Emirates: a scoping review protocol
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Alcohol and substance dependence in the United Arab Emirates: a scoping review protocol
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