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ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE IN KAZAKHSTAN

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Opium, heroin and hashish are produced and smuggled in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan—the latter three border Afghanistan. In the s Almaty became a crossroads for opiates and hashish from southwest Asia. This role resulted in large part from lax customs controls and the city's position as a transportation hub. In an estimated 1. Kazakhstanbased networks are also small, but probably benefit from the best international connections. David Trilling of Eurasia. Net, May 18, \]. The majority 84 percent of cultivation was in remote, mountainous areas. In , Kazakhstan officially reported a substantially lower 0. From Kyrgyzstan there are three major routes into Kazakhstan. Again from Bishkek, a second route passes. It is believed that the bulk of the illegal drugs that pass through Kazakhstan on their way from Afghanistan to Russia and Europe is transported by trucks. Kazakh and Russian officials cannot check each and every load. One of the most enduring means of concealing drugs is within shipments of fruits and vegetables directed to the Russian Federation. These are a major import product for the Russian Federation, but Kazakhstan is not an exporter which means most of this supply is in transit from other Central Asian countries - and to a lesser extent China. Uzbekistan, for example, exported , tons of fresh fruits, vegetables and dried fruits to the Russian Federation in - a 50 per cent increase since In Tajikistan, 96 per cent of fruits and vegetables produced are destined for the Russian market. In , the largest seizures using this modus operandi were effected in the Russian Federation and had travelled from Kyrgyzstan through Kazakhstan. There are thus ample opportunities for traffickers to blend drugs into trade flows and traffic large loads into the Russian Federation through Kazakhstan; for instance, a truck hauling 20 tons of fruit can hide hundreds of kilograms of heroin. TIR trucks operate according to the international Customs system and are not subject to Customs control for tax purposes. The risk is that the seal can be tempered with and drugs placed and removed at any point during the trajectory. Additionally, although drug flights from Kazakhstan into the Russian Federation are rarely - if ever- reported, it should be noted that there are records of heroin being shipped by air from Afghanistan or Pakistan into Kazakhstan and further to China. Given the increasing demand for Afghan heroin in China and the developing commercial links with Kazakhstan, this supply route will likely expand. Missing from the picture is Turkmenistan, which shares a remote and largely forgotten km border with Kazakhstan. As previously mentioned, a handful of heroin shipments sourced in Iran were destined to be trafficked through Kazakhstan in The numerous major road and railway links across the Kazakh-Russian border, as well as its length 6, km and topography make anti-trafficking efforts difficult. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan, due to its significant financial resources, is probably the best equipped of all Central Asian states to tackle the trafficking threat. From there, shipments move towards Karaganda, reaching Astana, then Kokshetau and lastly Petropavlovsk before arriving on Russian territory. The second route mimics the first one until its reaches Bukhara. It then crosses into Tashavuz Turkmenistan before coming back into Uzbekistan at Kungrad. From here, drugs are shipped via rail through Beineu on the border with Kazakhstan and continuing north crossing into the Russian Federation. The third route also starts in Dushanbe but crosses into Chorjou Turkmenistan from Bukhara via Bekdash railway crossing and continuing north through Atyrau and into the Russian Federation. From Bishkek, the second route passes through Almaty then onwards through Saryshagan to Petropavlovsk before reaching the Russian Federation. From there, one route proceeds through the Shu valley into Karaganda before exiting the country via Pavlodar. The second branch of this route proceeds east into Taldykugan then moving to Georgievka and Ust-Kamenogorski before crossing into the Russian Federation. The third route from Uzbekistan begins in capital of Karakalpakstan, Nukus, moving into Beineu and Makat before reaching Atyrau and exiting the country through the small village of Ganyushkino. This route provides access to north and western Kazakhstan and facilitates onward trafficking to areas such as Orenburg in the Russian Federation which has large numbers of drug users. Authorities have effected only minor seizures in oblasts neighbouring Turkmenistan — Atyrau and Mangystau — but a large volume of seizures is recorded in Western Kazakhstan, presumably of drugs leaving the country. It is estimated that most illegal shipments entering Kazakhstan by train cross at the border points of Arys and Biney on the borders with Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan respectively. Drug trafficking using vehicles enters the country mostly across the borders in Shymkent, Zhambyl and Almaty provinces. Southern Kazakhstan, Almaty City and eastern Kazakhstan are the only places in Kazakhstan with reasonably consistent opiate seizures, reflecting their centrality to trafficking operations. For the most part, shipments appear to move directly through Kazakhstan although one often mentioned convergence point is the city of Karaganda, which straddles the major route. The key entry point for traffickers on the Uzbek-Kazakh border is Shymkent, considered a strategic node for drug trafficking. With a sizeable Uzbek population, Shymkent city is kilometres from Tashkent and has come to resemble Osh in its importance as a regional drug trafficking centre. It has also drawn comparisons with Osh due to the growth of extremism in the city and the wider region. According to Kazakh officials, 90 per cent of drugs trafficked through the country are transported by road or rail. For their part, Russian FDCS officials have publically stated that the majority of drugs is trafficked into the Russian Federation by rail. The welldeveloped rail network through Kazakhstan thus appears to be both targeted and vulnerable. Rail networks are an efficient means of transport and popular method of drug trafficking. At the same time, the fixed nature of rail networks allows authorities greater interdiction opportunities than with vehicles. Nevertheless, whereas Uzbekistan continues to make numerous seizures of heroin bound for Kazakhstan and further to the Russian Federation, the tally for Kazakhstan and neighbouring Kyrgyzstan is limited. Trafficking is dealt with much more harshly, and is considered a threat to national security; in , amendments to the Criminal Code introduced maximum life sentences for drug trafficking. Kazakhstan retains the death penalty, but uses it only in exceptional cases and does not apply it to drug trafficking charges; the death penalty has been suspended since , but has not been formally abolished. In the s there were virtually no drug treatment centers in Kazakhstan. The Ministry of Health ran a center offering treatment and prevention programs. However, by lack of resources had made treatment on demand impossible and stimulated reorganization of the program. In the mids, the five former Soviet republics agreed to cooperate to combat drug smuggling through Central Asia. In Kazakhstan, an An active government narcotics control program began in , although limited personnel and funding handicapped its efforts. In only police, sniffer dogs, and twelve special investigators were active. Most Ministry of Internal Affairs interdiction occurs along the Chinese border. Cooperation has been sought with the narcotics programs of other Central Asian states and Russia. In and , Russian forces made eradication sweeps through the Chu Valley, but Russian helicopter support ceased in Antinarcotics agreements have been signed with Turkey, Pakistan, China, and Iran. Kazakhstan also has requested United States aid in drafting narcotics provisions in a new penal code. Kazakh authorities seized less than 1 percent of the tons of heroin that passed through in , even though the oil-rich country has the best trained and best paid border forces in the region. The largest heroin seizure volumes were in Southern Kazakhstan The largest opium seizure volumes were in Almaty city Large opiates seizures are conspicuously absent from Zhambyl oblast as it is contiguous with oblasts with high seizures, particularly Southern Kazakhstan oblast, and it is located on the main transport corridor between Bishkek and Almaty. Geographically, it is worth noting that there is not a regional concentration of seizures, which indicates that opiates transiting the country are bound for markets as far apart as London and Beijing and utilizing the maze of possible transit corridors through the country. The shipment was scanned and seized by Customs on the border with the Russian Federation. Since then, no seizure made in has exceeded 55 kilograms and most are significantly smaller. The largest seizure reported in was effected in southern Kazakhstan and consisted of 36 kilograms of heroin. Heroin seizures, for example, decreased markedly in North Kazakhstan 79 percent and Eastern Kazakhstan 94 percent while increasing by over 5, percent in Western Kazakhstan. Similarly, opium seizures have varied markedly with Southern Kazakhstan recording a 78 percent decrease and Pavlodar recording an increase of over percent. This trend may be partially explained by the frequency of large volume seizures. Kazakhstan opiate seizures kilograms , 1, Between and opiate seizures remained fairly consistent, hovering near Almost 90 per cent of seizures in Central Asia are made before the heroin reaches Kazakhstan. Apart from a brief spike in , Kazakh seizures have averaged less than 1 per cent of the total estimated flow transiting the country. In , the country seized kilograms of heroin. In it had seized less than half of this figure kilograms. This is reason for concern, given that tons of heroin are estimated to have been trafficked through Kazakhstan in Smaller volumes are seen in opium seizures, which totalled kilograms in Opium seizures in fell to historic lows totalling only 9. As shown on the map below, seizures virtually disappear in Kazakhstan only to reappear in the Russian Federation. Crossing on foot or horse is common in more isolated areas of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh border. Vehicles can also bypass official border checkpoints with reasonable ease, as there is a low risk of detection in many border areas. Seizures made in Kazakhstan usually consist of small to medium size shipments. By contrast, the Russian Federation regularly seizes large shipments tracked to Kyrgyzstan or Uzbekistan. As in Kyrgyzstan, few seizures take place at the Kazakh borders. Once heroin has been trafficked through the initial border crossing, only good intelligence or good luck will expose a large shipment, suggesting this route is exceedingly well organized. Distribution of opiate seizures by Customs and other seizing agencies in Kazakhstan : As an example, the Program on Combating Drug Addiction and Narco-Business in Kazakhstan prioritized further strengthening the southern border with inspection equipments - scanners, sniffer dogs and drug test kits. Counter-narcotics divisions of the Ministry of Interior have also been provided with three mobile scanning machines for the inspection of trucks in the south-Kazakhstan region and in Kyzylorda, Almaty and Zhambyl provinces. It should be noted however that the quality of the equipment can vary. The truck had been scanned on the Kazakh side, but only the Russian scanner had been able to identify the concealment of drugs inside the truck. The officer explained that the Kazakh side of border control has a scanner of poorer quality compared to the more reliable one at the Russian crossing. This should not detract from the fact that receiving bribes simply to look the other way during border crossings is also a reality at the various entry points across Kazakh borders. If Customs has reasonable suspicion and no drugs are found upon inspection, the concerned law-enforcement agency will bear all expenses and reimburse all damages incurred by the transporter. This is a highly de-motivating factor for law enforcement officers and here the importance of scanners is obvious. A possible indication that current measures are insufficient is that many law enforcement officials are actually clamouring for reconsideration of the rules of the TIR Convention, to allow for inspection of vehicles. As of , Russian and Kazakh Customs are no longer operating on the RussianKazakh border 6, km , in line with the Customs union agreement between the two countries and Belarus. On paper, this constitutes a significant strengthening of the Kazakh border regime. It could also enhance cross-national cooperation between Customs Union members in the gathering and sharing of intelligence. However, assessing the actual impact is difficult at the time of this writing given that complete seizure data is unavailable. Page Top. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U. Section , the material on this site is distributed without profit. 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Aktobe where can I buy cocaine