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Iran J Pharm Res. A healthy human being is at the heart of sustainable development in any society, and in this regard, the role of medication is crucial. Medicinehas always been one of the ways of fighting diseases 1. It can be said that the emergence of pharmaceuticals dates back to the history of human existence. Today, medicine is one of the most expensive inputs in the health system. With significant advances in various sciences, more and more people are getting access to different medicines,so that easy access to medicineshas led to improper use of medicines by people 5. Proper and rational use of medicines has a significant impact on controlling the costs of health sector and needs to be addressed by the community and policymakers. Unfortunately, the public only sees the safe and healing aspect of taking drugs, while in medical literature, medicine is thought of like a double-edged razor, with one edge facing pathogens and the other attackinghuman lives due to the lack of knowledge of using them properly 9. In addition to taking prescribed medications by physicians, many people nowadays go directly to pharmacies and buy and take various medications based on their own diagnoses, which are often wrong, to prevent or treat diseases or even strengthen their bodies Self- medication involves the use of herbal or synthetic drugs 11 , Arbitrary drug use has now led to incidences, such asincreased bacterial resistance, lack of optimal treatments, unwanted and even deliberate poisonings, side effects and adverse drug reactions, disruption in the drug market, waste of resources, and increased per capita drug use in the community Arbitrary drug use as the first choice of patients is common in many communities worldwide and rapidly increases 15 , The prevalence of self-medication varies in different regions of the world, depending on different cultural, political, and economic factors. The rate of medicineuse in Iran has been increasing in recent decades. The increasing rate is not in line with the epidemiological conditions of diseasesand the population growth, as the main variables whichcan be related to self- medication The rate of self-medication in Iran is higher than the mean world rate Arbitrary drug use is a serious threat to the health of the community, and the resolution of this problem requires proper education and information delivery to the general public It is evident that irrational and arbitrary drug use is misconduct among households and needs to be identified and investigated Drug use in Iran lacks the right pattern, and efforts to correct it have not been successful, and the drug system is still facing arbitrary drug use. Hence, it is essential to identify the causes of self-medication and provide a solution to reduce it. Although various studies were conducted on self- medication in different regions and among different social groups in Iran, none of them addressed the issue comprehensively and at a national level. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting arbitrary drug use in Iran. A cross-sectional design was used to determine socio-economic predictors of self-medication in Iran. Required data in this study is derived from the nationally representative survey conducted in the collaboration of the National Institute of Health Research and Statistical Center of Iran over a twenty-day period in 3—22 January through three-stage cluster sampling design. Entitled Iranian Utilization of Healthcare services IRUHS , the primary goal of this survey was preparation of relevant data about utilization status of healthcare services and determining potential factors that modify it in Iran. In this survey, households from the whole country were chosen. Two questionnaires entitled Household Questionnaire to collect household-level and individual characteristics and healthcare needs and Individual Questionnaire to collect detailed information about utilization of healthcare services were used in this study and were completed through face-to-face interviews. In the first step, individuals responded to the Household Questionnaire response rate: Finally, in the second step, individuals that had reported healthcare need in the former research, were selected. In this study, the medication status of those that reported outpatient healthcare needs to be reviewed to define self-medication. Hence, self-medication defined as a medication of those that used any medication from a pharmacy without prescription and those that avoid seeking outpatient healthcare services and utilized from former medicines in their homes in the last two weeks. This model assumes that health-seeking behavior 22 , such as self-medication 23 is a function of predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and social structure such as occupation, education, and ethnicity in this model are categorized as predisposing factors. Enabling factors include material resources such as income or economic status, possession of health insurance, and also the distance from healthcare providers. Finally, health status measures such as self-rated health, health-related quality of life, or chronic conditions could be used as a need factor. Area of residence urban or rural , wealth quintals Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 , and possession of health insurance basic and supplementary were considered as enabling factors. Asset data such as having a separate kitchen, central heating, telephone usage, computer, Internet access at home, owning a motorcycle, car and whether the person owned the house or not were used in the principal component analysis, as a statistical scheme when no quantitative variable, such as income or expenditure exists, to create wealth index Finally, the number of outpatient healthcare needs one or two and higher was used as a need factor in this study. Bivariate analyses using chi-square tests were performed for each predictor variable. Hence, three consecutive logistic models were estimated. In the first model, independent variables only included predisposing factors. In the second model, enabling factors were added to predisposing factors. And finally,in the third model, the number of outpatient healthcare needs as need factors were included in the analysis. About 60, 75, and 47 percent of the whole sample were female, married, and housekeeper, respectively. Other characteristics of the surveyed population are shown in the second column of Table 1. We found that 3, of respondents who had outpatient healthcare needs in the two weeks preceding the survey had self-medication, so the rate of self-medication was This rate was different across different subgroups. People with two and higher outpatient healthcare needs Conversely, people with only one healthcare need In the second model, which assesses predisposing and enabling factors, people with higher ages had significantly more self-medication than the reference age group , married people, and housekeepers had significantly lower self-medication. People in lower socio-economic status had more self-medication compared to the richestsocio-economic status group. According to the third model, which includes all predisposing, enabling, and need factors, similar to other models, married and housekeeper populations had significantly lower and urban population, people without primary and supplementary health insurance had the substantially higher self-medication. Self-medication is widely observed and expanding worldwide, especially in developing countries Although medicine use is one of the critical links in the treatment chain for many diseases, overuse and arbitrary use of medicines can be a sinificant problem in the health system. It could have side effects and risks for peopleas well as high costs imposed on the national pharmaceutical budget, insurance companies, and people Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting arbitrary drug use in Iran in According to the results of this study, the rate of self-medication among Iranianswas However, studies carried out in Iran, and other countries reported differentself-medication rates. This rate was reported Iranian Studies also report different rates for self-medication. One of the reasons for the differencesinself-medication investigation resultsin the present study andthe most similar ones is the shorter recall period two weeks interval. The recall period was six months in the study by Niroomand et al. The differences in the populations under study and the sample sizes might also lead to different results. Naik et al. Another reason for obtaining different results is how self-medicationwas defined and measured. According to studies conducted in other countries, developed nationshadlower self-medication rates than less developed countries. Besides, a look at the statistics shows that although self-medication is widespread worldwide, it is also prevalent in Iran and should be considered as one of the major challenges in the health sector of the country. Self-medication frequency based on sex, age, marital status, education, and employment showed a higher rate among males Regarding age, there was a significant relationship in models two and three, but none was found in model one. In all three models, a significant relationship was observed between marital status and self-medication, and this behavior was less common among married people. About education, there was a significant relationship in model one but no significant relationship was found in the other two models. In all three models, the rate of self-medication was lower in housewives than in other groups. About demographic predisposing variables, studies revealed different findings. For example, some studies showed that men self-medicate more than women 25 , while others found that women practice more self-medication On the other hand, some studies showed that there is no difference between men and women 23 , 36 , 37 and While some studies found married people do more self-medication 38 more other studies found single people self-medicate more 25 , 44 , 47 and 48 which are in line with our findings. On the other hand, some studies found no difference between married and single individuals 36 , Some studies revealed age has a positive correlation with self-medication 13 , On the other hand, some studies found no correlation According to most studies, education level is another demographic variable that hasa negative relation with self-medication 13 , 25 , 38 and Several studies revealed contradictory findings of education level 44 , 50 and Lei found no relation between self-medication and education level Having a job has no definite relation to self-medication. Many studies showed no association between self-medication and job type 36 , 37 , while some studies found some working groups such as housekeeper women 25 and self-employed 50 practice more self-medication than others. The reason for low self-medication in the lower age groups was that they considered diseases more serious and they were more vulnerable to self-treatment. On the other hand, a greater need for health services and, consequently, more drug use could be some causes of increased self-medication in older age groups. Tirgar et al. In the present study, the prevalence of self-medication was higher inthe first income quintile poorest households The regression estimates about enabling factors showed that urban residents had significantly more self-medication than rural ones. According to the second model, self-medication was lower in the lower socio-economic groups. It was considerably higher in the groups without basic and supplementaryhealth insurance than those with insurance coverage. Rezaei et al. Two other studies indicated that people with rural insurance had higher rates of self-medication 13 , In the study by Tahergourabi et al. In a study in turkey insured people had less use of non-prescribed medicine The highest rates of self-medication in the studies by Selvarj et al. Hence, the rate of their self-medication is lower. Birghadr et al. In other studies, the highest prevalence of self-medication was among people who were not covered by any insurance 38 , Some studies found that the reasons for the higher rate of self-medication in urban areas. The reasons werethe low quality of and satisfaction from health services in cities, crowded cities, and lack of time of urban citizens, which in turn would lead to drug storage at home and arbitrary drug use 56 , The prevalence of self-medication in people who needed outpatient services for more than twice was much higher Furthermore, the third model indicated that self-medication was higher in people with more than one need for health services. Not having enough time for frequent visits to physicians, high costs of doctor visits and lack of financial capacity, and lacking adequate insurance coverage might be the other causes of higher self-medication in the groups with higher treatment needs, as mentioned in some studies 13 , 21 and In addition, several studies revealedthat some of the most common causes of increased self-medication among patients with higher ailment frequencies were previous drug use experiences, obtaining sufficient information on drugs and diseases, and similarity of their current diseases with previous ones 7 , 54 and This research has several strengths compared to other similar studies carried out in Iran. It was conducted at a national level with a remarkable sample size and a rigorous sampling design. However, a main limitation was that our analysis was based on self-reported data that could increase recall bias. Another limitation was the time horizon of study. In other words, the current study was based on a cross sectional survey in a year which cannot assess self-medication behavior of people across time. According to the results, there is a significant rate of self-medication among Iranian households. The rate is higher for single people, older ones, urban residents, lower economic classes, those with no basic and supplementary insurance coverage, and individuals with a greater number of needs for health services. It indicates that the Iranian community is experiencing a health-social problem that needs to be addressed as quickly and effectively as possible. In this regard, more attention must be paid to education on and promotion of drug use culture, because knowledge and awareness are the sources of many human behaviors and practices. The effect of health belief model-based training HBM on self-medication among the male high school students. Health Educ. Health Promot. World Health Organization. World Health Organization; Indian J. Rezazadeh A, Abrishami R. Evaluation of prescribing indicators if general practitioners in a military hospital in Tehran. Police Med. Effect of education based on Health Belief Model on self-medication in mothers referring to health centers of Arak. Arak Univ. Rational drug use—As common as common sense? Armed Forces India. Tabiei S. Self-medication with drug amongst university students of Birjand. Care J. Prevalence of the effective factors in self-medication among parents of year old children visiting Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas. Review survey of the reasons of the prevalence of self-medication among the people of Iran. Navid No. Gelayee DA. Self-medication pattern among social Science University students in Northwest Ethiopia. World Health Organization guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self-medication. Geneva; Risk factors associated with self-medication among women in Iran. BMC Public Health. Assessing attitude and practice of students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences towards self-medication. Self-medication with antibiotics, attitude and knowledge of antibiotic resistance among community residents and undergraduate students in Northwest Nigeria. Study on the effect of educational intervention based on health belief model to prevent the arbitrary use of drugs in women referring to health centers of Bandar Abbas. Prevalence, behavior,awareness and attitude regarding sekf medication: A comparative study between medical and dental students in South India. Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication in adults living in the Federal District, Brazil: a cross-sectional, population-based study. Health Serv. Evaluating the causes of non-standard prescription and drug use in Iran and its improvement strategies from the viewpoint of pharmacy students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Depiction Health. Prevalence and cause of self-medication in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis article. Public Health. Study of arbitrary drug use among students in universities of Ardabil city in Ardabil Univ. Self-medication practice and associated factors among residents in Wuhan, China. Health Sci. Epidemiological study of self-medication and its associated factors among visitors to Birjand pharmacies, Birjand Univ. Study of causes of self-medication among Hamadan province pharmacies visitors. An epidemiological study on the prevalence of self-medication practises: a serious threat for the population in the Muvattupuzha region in Kerala, India. Factors associated with self-medication in Spain: a cross-sectional study in different age groups. Self-medication with steroids in inflammatory bowel disease. Liver Dis. Self-medication with antibiotics among non-medical university students of Karachi: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pharmacol. Prevalence of self-medication in rural areas of Portugal. Self-medication patterns in Amman, Jordan. Predictors of self-medication in Serbian adult population: Cross-sectional study. Self-medication practice and associated factors among adult household members in Meket district, Northeast Ethiopia, Assessing determinants of self-medication with antibiotics among Portuguese people in the Algarve Region. Self-medication pattern and prevalence among Iranian medical sciences students. Drug Saf. The Frequency of self-medication and its effective factors in students and their peer group in the City of Boukan in A descriptive study. Rafsanjan Univ. Foroutan B, Foroutan R. Household storage of medicines and self-medication practices in south-east Islamic Republic of Iran. Healthcare-seeking behavior and its relating factors in South of Iran. Prevalence and factors influencing self-medication in Tehran. Evaluation of self-medication prevalence,diagnosis and prescription in migraine in Kerman, Iran. Saudi Med. Prevalence of self-medication practice among health sciences students in Kermanshah, Iran. Ararsa A, Bekele A. Assessment of self-medication practice and drug storage on private pharmacy clients in Jimma town, Oromia, south West Ethiopia. ARC J. Prevalence of self-medication among the elderly in Kermanshah-Iran. Sawalha AF. A descriptive study of self-medication practices among Palestinian medical and nonmedical university students. Social Adm. Socio-economic and behavioral determinants of prescription and non-prescription medicine use: the case of Turkey. DARU J. Pattern of self-medication with analgesics among Iranian University students in central Iran. Evaluation of drug usage among the elderly in Tehran. Council Iran. Self medication among urban population of Jammo city. Assessing related factors on the illicit use of medications in Abbas Abad City mazandaran : A cross sectional study. Ilam Uni. Prevalence of self-medication practices and its associated factors in Urban Puducherry, India. Perspect Clin. Self medication in dealing with their skin lesions in Babol teachers. Babol Univ. Self-medication among the in-patients of Qazvin teaching hospitals. Qazvin Univ. Self-medication among Hong Kong Chinese. Drug self-medication among Ghazvin University of edical sciences students. Prevalence of self-medication among urban and rural population of Islamabad, Pakistan. Balamurugan E, Ganesh K. Prevalence and pattern of self medication use in coastal regions of south india. A survey of the frequency of admin steering drugswithout prescription among the students of medicine and engineering in Jahrom Univ. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Navigate to IJ Pharmaceutical Research. Abstract While logical use of medicine is a priority in all health systems, people do self-medication- mainly using Nonprescription Drugs or Over the Counter OTC drugs- for different reasons. Self-medication is rising in many developing countries that could increase healthcare expenditure. The present study aimed to find the self-medication rate and predisposing, enabling, and need factors affecting it based on the Anderson behavioral model in the Iranian population. Due to the study objective, the data of people who were over 15 years old and had outpatient healthcare needs two weeks before the survey. The survey included a binary question about self-medication, which is considered a dependent variable. Age, gender, marital status, literacy, job status, socio-economic status, location, basic health insurance, complementary health insurance, and need for health services were considered as independent variables. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. The self-medication rate was calculated at It can be concluded that need, enabling, and predisposing factors are respectively the main determinants of self-medication behavior. From a policy point of view, increasing effective health insurance coverage with a focus on people who have more health care needs can be helpful. Introduction A healthy human being is at the heart of sustainable development in any society, and in this regard, the role of medication is crucial. Experimental Study setting and source of data A cross-sectional design was used to determine socio-economic predictors of self-medication in Iran. Definition of variables and statistical analysis In this study, the medication status of those that reported outpatient healthcare needs to be reviewed to define self-medication. Results About 60, 75, and 47 percent of the whole sample were female, married, and housekeeper, respectively. Discussion Self-medication is widely observed and expanding worldwide, especially in developing countries Table 1 Characteristics of the whole-sample and population with and without self-medication in Iran References 1. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

Awareness and willingness to use HIV self-testing among people who inject drugs in Iran

Ahvaz buying MDMA pills

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding author: Mohammad Hossain Mehrolhassani, mhmhealth kmu. Study concept and design: A. B, and M. Administrative, technical, and material support: All Authors. One of the critical factors affecting chronic diseases is the use of drugs, especially industrial substances, such as methamphetamine. Methamphetamine use is increasingly common among the younger members of society. Methamphetamine is not only physically and mentally destructive, but also has a significant impact on the families of abusers and society, and imposes a financial burden on society. The present study aims to identify the factors affecting methamphetamine use in a scoping review. Different keywords of methamphetamine were selected in the Mesh database and were searched in valid English databases from January 1, , to April 5, Inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study were languages, reported findings, time range, and type of article. The total articles that were finally analyzed in this article were 42 including 12 English articles and 30 Persian articles. Among these articles, the most important factors affecting Methamphetamine are individual, social, and family factors, which have received the most cited. The majority of research highlights the importance of individual factors, society, and family factors, respectively, while formulating policies for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation must be considered. It is suggested that structural path analysis be determined by prioritizing the identified factors and the weights of these components. Various studies have investigated the factors affecting methamphetamine consumption in different age-gender groups, social classes, and patients and each of these studies points to a few factors. Most of the factors affecting the consumption of methamphetamine are related to individual, family, and social factors. Mental disorders, domestic violence, and peer groups are the most important factors affecting methamphetamine consumption. Drugs and drug addiction are considered one of the main health problems in any country, which threaten human health and life 1. There are different categories of drugs 2 , 3. Methamphetamine is the most important addictive substance that is abused in most countries; however, the extent and consequences of this abuse vary significantly depending on the time and place 4 , 5. There are at least stimulants in the world 6 , of which amphetamine compounds and coca products are the most widely abused, especially among young people, such as a combination of ecstasy and methamphetamine 5. Methamphetamine is a stimulant and addictive substance whose main ingredient is amphetamine C9H13N. This substance strongly stimulates the dopamine system of the brain and immediately causes a state called rash or flash state of maximum pleasure 7. Methamphetamine production is relatively simple and inexpensive and is produced in scattered secret laboratories. Substances on this small but widespread scale have been produced by industrial-scale criminal companies since the s. It is also estimated that more than half of the 15 to 16 million methamphetamine abusers live in Southeast and East Asia. Methamphetamine, because of its increasing use, will lead to human and financial losses and social consequences, such as economic costs, death, suicide, and unsuccessful marriages 8. It is also one of the most dangerous drugs due to its increasing prevalence, its association with risky behaviors of HIV, and other health risks as well as neurological problems such as memory impairment. Given the fact that young people make up the majority of this substance's consumers and because of its severe negative effects on both physical and mental health, it weakens and disengages society's productive workforce. Failure to fight this great social problem will reduce the socioeconomic and cultural progress of society over time. According to the rapid assessment of the situation in Iran, the prevalence of methamphetamine use is 5. Numerous factors have been shown to influence the propensity to use methamphetamine, with studies reporting the various weights and roles of these factors. In the meantime, according to the results, individual and social factors played a more prominent role than other factors 12 - Even though numerous studies have been conducted to determine the factors that impact methamphetamine usage, none have yet been conducted in which all of the aforementioned substances are compiled and the results are presented as a coherent classification. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate and categorize the factors affecting methamphetamine use using a model of social determinants of health with a scope review study. Scope review studies consider a wider range of contexts in which different designs are applicable and can be published without a critical appraisal by identifying research gaps 15 , This search was conducted from January 1, , to April 5, To select keywords for the search, similar studies and keywords selected by the research team and words related to methamphetamine were used in the mesh database. These keywords were searched in the title, abstract, and keyword fields using advanced options and AND and OR operators. Keywords used for this purpose were as follows:. Magiran and Sid databases were used to extract Persian articles. The keywords 'drug use' and 'methamphetamine' were searched in the title or summary of articles. The researcher conducted a first examination of the title and abstract of all retrieved documents after removing overlaps and investigating them. In the second stage, the available full text of the relevant articles remained from the first stage which reviewed by the researcher. The inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study are presented in Table 1. After the final selection of articles, data were extracted from the full text of the articles. The data were divided into 2 separate sections. The first section of the bibliographic data of the articles included the article title, publication year, first author, and journal-title. In the second section, based on the research framework, related topics, which were mentioned in the results of the articles, were extracted. The bibliographic information of the articles is presented in Table 2. From 42 papers, factors influencing methamphetamine use were qualitatively extracted. Finally, major findings, including a review of important criteria and indicators, were collected and coded in the form of a table. In addition, after categorizing the content and deleting unnecessary items, the major and most significant findings were extracted and assessed. The number of articles retrieved in each step in different databases is given in Figure 1. A total of 41 studies were reviewed, of which 32 were published in Persian and 9 in English. Finally, based on the findings of the current study, all variables relating to the use of methamphetamine were divided into 3 primary theme categories: individual, family, and social factors, as well as 13 themes and 64 variables. The bibliographic characteristics of the articles are presented in Table 1. Four major themes—physical, personality traits, psychological and emotional, and individual-social variables—were found to be related to the category of individual factors. Also, 25 factors were identified, among which 36 articles mentioned these themes. Mental disorders, curiosity, religion, a pattern of use, and a history of substance use were among the factors that were cited by most articles. Moreover, factors such as low self-confidence, aggression, and lack of life skills were among the factors that were cited by fewer articles Table 3. Concerning the main theme of family factors, 3 themes of socioeconomic, emotional, and communication environment of the family and addiction in the family were identified. Also, 12 factors were identified, which were mentioned in a total of 10 articles. Domestic violence, family disputes, and parental divorce were among the factors cited by most articles. On the other hand, fewer articles referred to factors such as the emotional and communication environment of the family and high wealth and well-being Table 4. About the main themes of social factors, 6 themes of living environment and communication network, unsuitable environment, social factors, economic, political, managerial, and cultural factors were identified. Also, 27 factors were identified and were among the factors cited by most articles, which were mentioned in a total of 16 articles and included the influence of friends and peers, school and academic failure and access to drugs, unemployment, poverty and inequality, and the emergence of new cultural anomalies associated with methamphetamine use at night parties. On the other hand, the existence of a criminal environment and place of residence, war, political climate, and inflation were among the factors cited by fewer studies Table 5. Addiction is a multidimensional and multifactorial issue that has affected all societies today. By causing psychological and bodily trauma, this problem not only hurts the person but also their family. There is also a direct link between drug abuse and cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary diseases, as well as HIV and hepatitis. Methamphetamine use among young people around the world is increasingly shifting from traditional to industrial drugs. Adverse physical effects of this substance include cardiovascular system failure, pulmonary problems, imbalance, epilepsy, and coma. It is important to remember the risks of sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS and hepatitis as well as the loss of life, financial burdens, and other negative social and economic effects resulting from the abuse of this novel substance Considering the foregoing, society also suffers heavy losses due to methamphetamine use and the treatment and rehabilitation of addicts. Therefore, policymakers and planners can take effective steps by identifying the factors affecting drug abuse through preventive measures to reduce harm to society and improve the level of public health. Some of the most important known themes among the main themes of individual, family, and society include psychological disorders, psychological-emotional stress, entertainment, curiosity, domestic violence of drug abusers, family disputes, parental divorce, the influence of friends and peers, access to drugs, unemployment, poverty, and lack of access to service and support systems. Regarding the main theme of individual factors, psychological disorders are one of the most important themes mentioned in the present study and many articles have cited them as one of the most important factors affecting methamphetamine use by young people. Methamphetamine is one of the drugs that some people use to get relief from stress, boredom, and failure in the areas of education, business, and relationships. After consuming these drugs, the person feels indifference, carelessness, and immediate pleasure, and this is what leads the person to use drugs again 18 , Young people are more likely to turn to drugs because of their curiosity and their desire to take risks. Therefore, one of the important factors cited in the present study is curiosity 20 - The results of the present study also showed an effective relationship between religion and drug abuse. Aggression is one of the factors cited by many articles. Aggression is, directly and indirectly, related to drug abuse among adolescents because aggressive adolescents are more neglected by their parents. Moreover, due to their low self-esteem, adolescents look for a group of peers and a place to find a new and approved identity, and this is the circle of bad friends 25 , Friend gatherings and parties are the best places to try new drugs like methamphetamine for curious teenagers. Hamednia et al have identified family conflicts, parental supervision of children, and relationships with friends and peers as the most important factors influencing people's tendency to drug abuse. In the present study, a large number of articles have referred to domestic violence and family disputes and a small number of articles have referred to the emotional environment of the family. Thus, there is no sincere relationship between parents and family members in families where there are severe differences and tensions. Mink et al also stated that one of the factors that lead to drug abuse is the lack of attachment to parents. Insecure attachment causes depression and anxiety, which is also regarded as one of the most important factors influencing people's tendency to drugs in this study. In this situation, parents are not able to communicate properly with their children and do not have proper supervision of their children. Parental conflict creates an unsuitable and uneasy environment for children and leads to a higher tendency to find their friends and peers. They would also spend most of their free time with bad friends and have fun with them and enjoy themselves. They are impacted by these hobbies, which are frequently unhealthy and result in high-risk conduct, making them more inclined to consume drugs. Parents' divorce is one of the factors affecting children's substance use. This social problem reduces parents' support for their children and increases the chances of the use of various substances among adolescents. On the other hand, drug addiction is more prevalent among young people belonging to single-parent families. Children, particularly girls, leave their homes and schools in this environment and are attracted to criminal gangs, and develop addictions. In the family main theme category, parents' addiction can also be one of the factors influencing drug use. Children raised within a family system with addicted parents, choose them as their role models and play their role in society. The majority of young people who develop addiction are those whose parent s are addicts; as a result, parental drug use makes children curious, which is one of the factors influencing drug use and leads them to believe that addiction is a common practice and is a trait of adults who turned to drugs. On the other hand, addicted parents are less likely to monitor and control their children, which increases the likelihood of child addiction. Unemployment is one of the significant topics addressed in the current study and supported by other studies when it comes to the primary category of society. This factor as a social phenomenon leads to other deviations, especially addiction. Unemployment leads to various perversions such as addiction, not only due to the failure to meet economic issues and ensure the material and spiritual well-being of family members but also by disrupting personality strength, moral stability, magnanimity, hope for the future, and individual authority. Teenagers spend most of their time in coffee shops and cafeterias, and these places are the best places for selling and consuming drugs 24 , Both poverty and mental diseases like despair, hopelessness, and loss of confidence are consequences of unemployment, all of which by themselves have an impact on substance use. Unemployment is an underlying factor that can, along with other factors such as poverty, lead to addiction. Since financial difficulties force the poor individual to become addicted, the relationship between poverty and addiction is a 2-way street as well. On the other hand, the addicted person becomes weak loses the will to work and suffers from elevated poverty levels. Another significant aspect that contributes to the propensity for drug usage is the formation of new cultural oddities connected to drug use, as well as hosting night parties. Communicating with friends and acquaintances at night parties, gaining pleasure, curiosity, depression, feelings of worthlessness, and mental disorders are among the important factors that lead people toward drug abuse. Because young people and adolescents are now heavily influenced by cyberspace, political and managerial measures to inform them can be conducted through this medium. By creating educational content, young people can learn about the harmful consequences of methamphetamine usage. To stop the circulation of industrial narcotics such as methamphetamine, which has no odor and is portable, sanctions and legal action should be taken against those who use and distribute them. In this category, there is a significant relationship between place of residence and the tendency to use psychotropic substances and drugs. For example, students who lived outside their place of residence, such as in dormitories and rented houses, were more likely to become addicted. Also, in some neighborhoods, access to drugs is simple and easy, and it allows residents to access drugs without difficulty and under any circumstances. Most addicts cited communicating with bad friends as the cause of their addiction. Adolescents are more affected by their peer group than ever before during adolescence. The school environment is also one of the important factors affecting adolescents' tendency to drug use 28 , As a result of the increased sense of belonging to the school, the likelihood of being addicted will decline. Students who feel like they belong at school refrain from risky behaviors like using violence and binge drinking, and they also urge their peers to do the same. Being a part of a school community significantly lowers risk-taking and high-risk behaviors including fighting, bullying, vandalism, dropping out of school, and drug and alcohol misuse. In other words, when students are supported and respected by teachers and are praised for academic contributions, they show less tendency toward different types of drugs The results of a study showed a significant relationship between school culture components, including student relationships, student-teacher relationships, and educational opportunities with students' addiction tendencies. In other words, the better and higher the school culture, the lower the addiction tendency will be, and vice versa 30 , In the present study, one of the important factors affecting substance use is access to substances. Mirshamshiri et al and Khosravi et al have mentioned the availability of drugs as one of the important factors that induce the tendency towards addiction. Human beings tend to use a substance that is easily available to them. The experiences of other countries, including the United States and Nepal, in the release of some drugs, have shown that the use of these drugs has not only not decreased but also increased at this time. Moreover, girls have sometimes engaged in prostitution to buy drugs in Nepal. The rate of drug intake will increase if medicines are more widely available and less easily obtained at a reduced cost and danger. Therefore, living in neighborhoods where access to drugs is easier is also known as one of the important social factors in the onset and persistence of drug addiction 32 - According to previous studies, those from lower social classes, those with less education, the unemployed, those who live in slums or rented homes on the outskirts of cities, and those from these groups are more likely to engage in social deviations The present study had limitations such as time and language for search. Lack of access to the full text of some articles, and temporary lack of access to some databases were also limitations of this study. Due to the use of extensive keywords, a large number of documents were obtained, which can reduce the accuracy of information extraction. Since we had no age or gender restrictions, we included all types of demographics, and this can be a strength of the study. However, given the significance of the topic, in-depth research is needed, along with expert team collaboration across all databases. The results of the present study showed that most studies cited individual factors, society, and family factors, respectively. This indicates the predominance of the individual approach used in studies of methamphetamine use and fewer studies have cited societal factors that indicate a research gap with social approaches and the need to expand this type of study in this field. Fewer studies also mentioned the role of family factors; in this regard, more emphasis can be placed on empowering families in the proper way of communication between parents and children and creating a positive and lasting emotional bond between them as a protective factor. In all of the individual factors, mental disorders, family disputes, addiction in parents, the influence of friends and peers, and access to drugs were important and influential factors that lead to methamphetamine use. To give adolescents a suitable place to spend their free time, it is advised that policymakers in this area concentrate more on counseling services programs tailored for these age groups in schools and offer adequate and affordable recreational services in homes. Effective steps can be taken to reduce the number of methamphetamine abusers by improving economic conditions and increasing social capital in the communication network of adolescents and young people simultaneously with the establishment of strict regulations to prevent easy access to this substance in living environments. In the present study, a group of important factors was found in various fields, which indicates that decision-making and policy-making in this field are better based on attention to these factors in the form of a causal network and dynamic interaction between these factors. The authors express their special thanks to Kerman University of Medical Sciences for funding this research, and to the participants who take part in this project. Med J Islam Repub Iran. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Azam Rastegari. Find articles by Ali Akbar Haghdoost. Find articles by Mohammad Reza Baneshi. Find articles by Mahdieh Azizian. Find articles by Mohammad Hossain Mehrolhassani. Received Oct 17; Collection date Time Studies in the time range from to were accepted Studies outside the specified time frame Type of article: Original article, review, letter, editorial, conference paper, communication Online books Content of article: Articles whose findings were based on the purpose of the study studies in which the factors and components affecting the use of methamphetamine were mentioned. Studies that focus their effects on individual therapeutic and physiological aspects. Open in a new tab. Journal of Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing and Midwifery 18 Araghi Ezat, Vahedian Mohammad Advances in Nursing and Midwifery mashhad descriptive research Addicted motorcyclists who have been hospitalized due to an accident Male Improving knowledge, cultural beliefs, and safe alternative recreational activities, legislating strict laws and controlling borders are ways to restrict tendency to addiction and the resultant reduction of accidents. Drerupa1Thomas J. M, shamloo. A, sadeghi. A Medical Law Tehran Field research clients in the quarantine department of the Correctional Center Male Methamphetamine consumption is associated with mental disorders and family dispute 9 Prevalence and predictive factors of psychoactive and hallucinogenic substance abuse among college students 8 Majid, Barati; Hamid, Allahverdipour; Farzad, Jalilian. More males The average body mass index BMI was significantly lower in this MA abuser sample compared to the age-matched healthy controls. M, mokri. A, ziabari. S, Kazemi. H, Raiesi. M, Noori. R, Ramezanzade. K, nouroozi. E, shahidi. Rezagahi BD, K. Zarea , S. Latifi Nursing Journal of the vulnerable Abadan-Ahvaz Descriptive, analytical and Cross-sectional research Women referring to addiction treatment centers in Abadan and Ahvaz and the addiction ward of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz Women Lack of purpose in the life of academic failures, lack of love in family emotional relationships and divorce and separation of parents, abundance of drugs and availability in the environment were among the factors that led people to consume Methamphetamine. Main theme Factor Code Description References Physical dimension Genetic factors Genetic transmission of tolerance thresholds from parents to offspring through genetics 14 Sex According to some articles, methamphetamine use has been reported the same and even more often in women than men. One study reported having a lower than a high-school education middle school as a factor leading to substance abuse. Main Theme Codes of Factors Description References Socio-economic Parents' level of education Parents' high level of education reduces the likelihood of addiction among their children. Main Theme Code of Factors Description References Living environment Address Place of residence indirectly can be one of the factors that lead people to addiction. Also, close monitoring of law enforcement agencies on the sale and distribution of various drugs is a good deterrent to the spread of addiction in society. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Studies in the time range from to were accepted. Original article, review, letter, editorial, conference paper, communication. Articles whose findings were based on the purpose of the study studies in which the factors and components affecting the use of methamphetamine were mentioned. Methamphetamine use behaviors and gender differences 9. Investigating the role of addiction in motorcycle accidents in Mashhad. Addicted motorcyclists who have been hospitalized due to an accident. Improving knowledge, cultural beliefs, and safe alternative recreational activities, legislating strict laws and controlling borders are ways to restrict tendency to addiction and the resultant reduction of accidents. Crystal methamphetamine use among young adults in the USA Gender of residence and offspring have a significant relationship with substance use. Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: a systematic review A history of engaging in a variety of high-risk behaviors, a history of a psychiatric disorder, and family environment were significantly associated with methamphetamine use. Accommodation, employment and peers are important factors in substance abuse. There is a direct relationship between substance use and religion. Age of onset of substance use and sexual arousal are factors in substance use. Prevention of methamphetamine psychedelics by adolescents Methamphetamine consumption is associated with mental disorders and family dispute. Prevalence and predictive factors of psychoactive and hallucinogenic substance abuse among college students 8. Factors affecting the use of psychedelics were residence status, having drug users and other substance use. Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood Substance use is related to race, gender, peer group, family, and socioeconomic factors. Gender, educational status and residence of students have a significant relationship with substance use. Consumption of methamphetamine causes neurological and psychological disorders. Gender differences in socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of methamphetamine inpatients in a Chinese population Moreover, the BMI of females was significantly lower than that of males. Methamphetamine consumption and ambition are higher in men than women. Relationship between methamphetamine cravings and personality traits in methadone maintenance clients Vulnerability and craving for drugs were seen in methamphetamine users. Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin crack The emergence of a new cultural anomaly of drug abuse, such as sweets of night parties, has led to an increase in industrial substances, including methamphetamine , among the young people. Investigating the status and trend of substance abuse and dependence in Iranian women Gender and history of substance use are the factors that lead people to methamphetamine. The effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on tempting beliefs and substance-related beliefs in patients addicted to industrial substances All people dependent on industrial materials who had referred to addiction treatment centers in Isfahan. Beliefs related to substances, gender, and education were among the factors that led to substance abuse. Profile of substance use in addicted women Gender, education and socioeconomic status affect substance use. Research population included all staff in industrial environments. Factors such as discrimination or low welfare, low wages, environmental factors such as insufficient attention in the workplace are associated with substance use. Social, economic and population characteristics of substance dependents treated in North khorasan drug rehabilitation centers Substance-dependent patients treated in methadone maintenance clinics. Demographic characteristics of people and history of substance use have a significant relationship with Methamphetamine consumption. Incidence of and risk factors for chronic opioid use among opioid-naive patients in the postoperative period Eric C. Mortality due to substance abuse was performed in Kermanshah forensic medicine from to Gender, occupation, education and age group are related to substance use. Personal and environmental factors affecting drug abuse tendency in addicts: a qualitative study Raising parents' awareness about drugs and drug use, monitoring children, especially adolescents, and social support for addicts can be helpful in controlling addiction and drug addiction. Effective factors in youth drug abuse in Iran: Analysis of fuzzy cognitive maps based on expert opinion Addiction of family members, unemployment of deviant peers are factors affecting drug use. Addiction: A big challenge of social security in Iran Unemployment, poverty, discrimination and inequality, corruption, despair are the factors that lead to addiction. A survey of causes of the drugs abuse tendency and psychoactive drugs from viewpoint of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Students The Regional Planning Journal has accepted and implemented the terms and conditions of the following centers in the process of managing, judging and publishing scientific articles Access to facilities and leisure is related to substance use. Family, friends, school and religion are factors influencing addiction. Evaluation of neuropsychological functions in substance users according to the type of substance used, duration of use and education of individuals Social factors such as job, access to drug, and history of drug use are factors in the tendency to Methamphetamine. Volitional determinants of self-harm behaviour and suicidal risk in persons with borderline 34 personality disorder. No evidence of subgroups found in amphetamine consumers in Iran Anxiety Depression Age of onset of substance use is one of the factors that lead people to Methamphetamine. Shokrgozar S. Psychotic and mood disorders were the factors that led people to Methamphetamine. Factors such as family friends in the place of residence have a significant relationship with substance use. There is a positive and significant relationship between family conflicts, lack of supervision over children's behavior and parents' positive attitude towards substance use. There is a significant relationship between education and age with substance use. Investigating the sequential patterns of methamphetamine use initiation in Iran Age of onset of use and type of consumables were effective in Methamphetamine consumption. Past-year methamphetamine use among US young adults: Factors such as gender, race, gender, place of residence and history of substance use are directly related to Methamphetamine consumption. Women referring to addiction treatment centers in Abadan and Ahvaz and the addiction ward of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz. Lack of purpose in the life of academic failures, lack of love in family emotional relationships and divorce and separation of parents, abundance of drugs and availability in the environment were among the factors that led people to consume Methamphetamine. Family and peer group were important factors in people's tendency to Methamphetamine. Genetic transmission of tolerance thresholds from parents to offspring through genetics. According to some articles, methamphetamine use has been reported the same and even more often in women than men. The age of onset of drug use, especially methamphetamine, has reached adolescence. IQ can be one of the factors influencing people's tendency toward substances. There is a relationship between irrational ambition and addiction. One of the important personality factors of addicted people is curiosity. The person has first used drugs for pleasure and entertainment. Low self-confidence has been identified as a personality factor among addicts. Introversion and extroversion have been identified as personality factors of addicts. Feeling lonely and isolated has been reported to be an important factor in substance abuse. Psychological problems have been reported to be an important factor in substance abuse. Depression has been reported to be one of the major causes of substance abuse. Anxiety has been diagnosed as one of the psychological problems of drug abusers. Love failure has been identified as an individual factor in substance abuse in some drug abusers. Having a deep religious connection is inversely related to addiction. Drug abusers' education level is one of the factors in their tendency toward drugs. Job type and work environment are one of the factors leading to substance abuse. High household income has been reported in some studies as a factor leading to methamphetamine use. The marital status of drug users is one of the factors affecting drug use. Parents' high level of education reduces the likelihood of addiction among their children. Low family income can be one of the effective factors leading to addiction. High wealth and well-being can be one of the factors leading to addiction. Lack of parental supervision is one of the important factors leading to addiction. Lack of family emotional environment can be one of the important indirect factors leading to addiction among children. The severity of family disputes is one of the direct influencing factors leading to addiction among people. Violence in the family of drug abusers, especially between parents, is one of the factors influencing drug abuse. Parental divorce is one of the factors that lead children to addiction. The death of family members is one of the factors that indirectly lead people to addiction. Family addiction is one of the direct factors influencing drug abuse. An addicted spouse can be a direct factor influencing drug abuse. Place of residence indirectly can be one of the factors that lead people to addiction. School and academic failure are among the factors that lead people to drugs. One of the important factors that cause people to use methamphetamine is participating in a group of friends and peers. Most of the literature reports simple and easy access to drugs as one of the important factors that lead people to addiction. A criminal environment makes access to drugs easier and simpler. Population growth can indirectly affect people's tendency towards addiction. The structure of society, especially now that we have a young structure, can indirectly affect people's tendency towards addiction. Migration can indirectly affect people's tendency towards addiction. Social injustice is one of the factors that lead to addiction. Feelings of social disgust are one of the factors that lead people to addiction. Industrial development is one of the factors that lead people to addiction. Lack of job opportunities causes unemployment and directly affects people's tendency to addiction. Unemployment is one of the important factors influencing people's inclination towards methamphetamine use. Poverty and inequality are among the socioeconomic factors that lead to addiction. Inflation indirectly affects the tendency of people to become addicted. The economic crisis indirectly affects people's tendency towards addiction. Appropriate information policies about the effects of addiction have an important role in primary prevention, so rapid educational programs and awareness through the media and cyberspace are important solutions to deal with this ominous phenomenon in society and to keep teenagers and young people from falling into the addiction. Implementation of primary prevention programs in society is one of the factors reducing the tendency toward addiction. Support and counseling service systems play a very important role in returning healthy people to society before and after drug abuse. Reducing dependence and belonging to society and values:. The emergence of a new cultural anomaly of drug abuse, as sweets of night parties. The emergence of a new cultural anomaly of drug abuse, such as sweets of night parties, has led to an increase in industrial substances, including methamphetamine, among young people. Mass media and the Internet, and satellites indirectly affect the consumption of industrial substances such as methamphetamine. Advertising considers drug abuse to be effective in relieving thoughts and reducing mental problems. People use drugs, including industrial ones, to achieve peace of mind. The expansion of media in rural areas can be effective in preventing drug abuse.

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