Africain / indien
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Africain / indien
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
South Africans descended from British Indian indentured labourers and migrants
"Asian South Africans" redirects here. For other usages of the term, see Asian (South Africa) .
Hashim Amla , cricketer
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Amina Cachalia , activist
Yusuf Cassim , politician
Yusuf Dadoo , politician
Gopala Davies , actor, director
Arun Manilal Gandhi , activist
Ela Gandhi , activist
Frene Ginwala , journalist and politician
Kesaveloo Goonam , doctor, activist
Pravin Gordhan , politician
Soromini Kallichurum , dean
Adhir Kalyan , actor
Ahmed Kathrada , politician
Alan Khan , broadcaster
Keshav Maharaj , cricketer
Mac Maharaj , activist
Rashida Manjoo , former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women
Riaad Moosa , comedian, doctor
Senuran Muthusamy , cricketer
Anand Naidoo , journalist
Jailoshini Naidoo , actress
Tarina Patel , actress, producer, model and philanthropist
Jay Naidoo , activist
Kumi Naidoo , activist
Billy Nair , politician
Mishqah Parthiephal , actor
Ebrahim Patel , politician
Navi Pillay , jurist
Ravi Pillay , politician
Sagaren Pillay , rear-admiral
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Yusuf Maart
Zain Bhikha
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian South Africans .
Hlengwe
Xika
N'walungu
Gwamba
Tswha
Rhonga
Hlanganu
Nhlave
Bila
Dzonga
Copi
Ndzawu
Thonga
Tamils
Telegu/Andhras
Hindi
Urdu
Gujaratis
Memons
Surtis
Koknis
1 An overseas departments of France in the southwest Indian Ocean
2 Overseas departments of France in the Americas
3 A sui generis collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean
Indian South Africans are South Africans who descend from indentured labourers and free migrants who arrived from British India during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The majority live in and around the city of Durban , making it one of the largest "Indian" populated cities outside of India . [3]
As a consequence of the policies of apartheid , Indian (synonymous with Asian) [1] [4] [5] is regarded as a race group in South Africa. [6] [7]
During the colonial era, Indians were accorded the same subordinate status in South African society as Blacks were by the white minority , which held the vast majority of political power. [8] [9] During the period of apartheid from 1948 to 1994, Indian South Africans were called and often voluntarily accepted, terms which ranged from "Asians" to "Indians", and were legally classified as being members of a single racial group. Some Indian South Africans believed that these terms were improvements on the negatively defined identity of "Non-White", which was their previous status. Politically conscious and nationalistic Indian South Africans wanted to show both their heritage and their local roots in South Africa. Increasingly they self-identified as "African", "South African" and, when necessary, "Indian South Africans". [ citation needed ] During the most intense period of segregation and apartheid, "Indian", "Asian", "Coloured" and " Malay " group identities controlled numerous aspects of daily life, including where a classified person was permitted to live and study. [10]
The "Indian" racial identity was created by both internal political movements that sought to consolidate support amongst the different Indian ethnicities in the face of discrimination; and the Apartheid government which strictly codified the physical and cultural boundaries between "race groups", and encouraged these group identities. [6] As a result of these Apartheid rules, South Africans continue to identify themselves, and informally classify each other as, " blacks ", " whites ", " Coloureds " and "Indians". Despite having a presence in South Africa for more than 150 years, and being an officially recognized part of the population since 1961, Indians are still sometimes viewed as a foreign presence in the country, and find themselves having to justify their belonging to South Africa as a homeland. [6]
The modern South African Indian community is largely descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board the Truro from Madras , [11] [12] followed by the Belvedere from Calcutta . [12] They were transported as indentured labourers to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal Colony , and, in total, approximately 200,000 Indians arrived as indentured labourers over a period of 5 decades, [12] [13] later also as indentured coal miners and railway workers. [14] [15] The indentured labourers tended to speak Tamil , Telugu , Bhojpuri and the Awadhi dialect of Hindi , [16] and the majority were Hindu with Muslim and Christian minorities. Indians were imported as it was found by colonial authorities that local black Africans were economically self-sufficient, and thus unwilling to subject themselves to employment by colonial farmers, while other colonial authorities believed that the "hunting and warrior" African culture of the time was incompatible with a sudden shift to employed labour. The Mercury newspaper favoured the importation of labour, although other Natal newspapers were against the idea. In general, the importation of labour was not viewed as politically important by colonists when it was proposed, and the importation of Indian labour was driven by lobbying by a relatively small group of sugar planters, and the long-term consequences of Indian immigration (the establishment of a permanent Indian population in Natal) were not taken into account [17] (by 1904, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal). [18] Although 1860 is dated as the beginning of Indian settlement in Natal, a farmer called ER Rathbone was the first to introduce Indian labour to the colony in 1849. [11] [19]
Indentured labourers on sugar plantations were frequently mistreated, and lived in unsanitary conditions. A large percentage of indentured labourers returned to India following the expiry of their terms, and some of those who returned alerted authorities in India to abuses taking place in Natal, which led to new safeguards being put in place before further recruiting of indentured labourers was allowed to take place. [14]
Former indentured labourers who didn't return to India quickly established themselves as an important general labour force in Natal particularly as industrial and railway workers, with others engaging in market gardening , growing most of the vegetables consumed by the white population. [20] Indians also became fishermen , and worked as clerks; in the postal service; and as court interpreters. [15]
The remaining Indian immigration was from passenger Indians , comprising traders and others who migrated to South Africa shortly after the indentured labourers, [11] paid for their own fares and travelled as British subjects . These immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, namely Hindu and Muslims but largely from Gujarat (including Memons and Surtis ), [21] later joined by Kokanis , and Urdu speakers from Uttar Pradesh . [20] The Muslims played an important part in the establishment of Islam in the areas where they settled. Indian traders were sometimes referred to as " Arab traders" because of their dress, and because large numbers of them were Muslim. [21]
Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the South African Republic (Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between Johannesburg and Durban. Natal's Indian traders rapidly displaced small white shop owners in trade with other Indians, and with black Africans, causing resentment among white businesses.
Researchers have made efforts to collect and make available shipping lists of Indian immigrants. [22]
Indians faced discrimination to varying degrees in all the parts of South Africa.
Indians faced repressive legislation in Natal. They were forced to carry passes in 1888. [11] In 1893, M. K. Gandhi arrived in South Africa to represent an Indian businessman in a legal dispute. Following his arrival in South Africa, Gandhi experienced racial discrimination, and, following the proposal of legislation to restrict Indian voting rights in Natal, he helped organise resistance, leading to the formation of the Natal Indian Congress . [11] [13] This organised resistance led to the unification of disparate groups of South African Indians for the first time. [23] Although the bill was defeated, it was successfully reintroduced in 1896. [11]
The South African Republic government first instituted discriminatory legislation against Indians in 1885, [11] which led to protests from the British government , as the Indians were British subjects, and was used as one of the casus belli for the Second Boer War . [20] Indians were banned from working in the mining industry, and areas were set aside for coolie locations in various towns in the Transvaal. Persons of colour could also not walk on sidewalks in the Transvaal. [11] Following the end of the Second Boer War, the new colonial administration of the Transvaal Colony continued to maintain the same discriminatory practices against Indians. [24]
Passenger Indians who moved to the Cape Colony , although facing petty discrimination, were generally well treated, could own property, could vote, and could trade freely. Many Muslim men in this group married Cape Malay women, and their children were later often class
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