Addis Ababa

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From top: Addis Ababa City Skyline, Addis Ababa Light Rail Vehicle, Friendship Square, Night view of Addis Ababa Light Rail transport, Addis Ababa University , Holy Trinity Cathedral , St. George's Cathedral

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Addis Ababa ( Amharic : አዲስ አበባ Addis Abeba IPA: [adˈdis ˈabəba] ( listen ) , "new flower"), also known as Finfinne [4] ( Oromo : Finfinne "natural spring"), is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia . According to the 2007 census, the city's population estimated 2,739,551 inhabitants. [2] Addis Ababa is a chartered city, [5] and is also the capital of Oromia . [6] [7]

Several institutions such as house of Prime Ministers, Ministry of Peace , headquarter of Ethiopian National Defense Forces and federal police as well as national intelligence agencies INSA and the NISS are located in the city. In addition, it is the seat of Jubilee Palace , African Union and the predecessor Organisation of African Unity (OAU). It also hosts the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), as well as various other continental and international organizations. Addis Ababa is therefore often referred to as "the political capital of Africa" for its historical, diplomatic and political significance for the continent. [8]

The city lies a few miles west of the East African Rift which splits Ethiopia into two, between the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate . [9] The city is surrounded by the Special Zone of Oromia and populated by people from different regions of Ethiopia. It is home to Addis Ababa University .

A study based on DNA evidence from almost 1,000 people around the world suggests that all humans spread out from a place close to current Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago. [10] The research indicated that genetic diversity decreases steadily the farther one's ancestors travelled from Addis Ababa. [11]

Mount Entoto , a high tableland to the north of current Addis Ababa, is one of a handful of sites put forward as a possible location for a medieval imperial capital known as Barara. This permanent fortified city was established during the early-to-mid 15th century, and it served as the main residence of several successive emperors up to the early 16th-century reign of Lebna Dengel . [12] The city was depicted standing between Mounts Zikwala and Menegasha on a map drawn by the Italian cartographer Fra Mauro in around 1450, and it was razed and plundered by Ahmed Gragn while the imperial army was trapped on the south of the Awash River in 1529, an event witnessed and documented two years later by the Yemeni writer Arab-Faqih. The suggestion that Barara was located on Mount Entoto is supported by the very recent discovery of a large medieval town overlooking Addis Ababa located between rock-hewn Washa Mikael and the more modern church of Entoto Maryam, founded in the late 19th century. Dubbed the Pentagon, the 30-hectare site incorporates a castle with 12 towers, along with 520 meters of stone walls measuring up to 5-meter high. [13]

The city's immediate predecessor as capital of Ethiopia, Entoto, was established by Menelik II . Menelik, initially the King of the Shewa province, had found Mount Entoto a useful base for military operations in the south of his realm, and in 1879 he visited the reputed ruins of the medieval town and the unfinished rock church. His interest in the area grew when his wife Taytu began work on a church on Mount Entoto, and Menelik endowed a second church in the area. [12] [13] After some time, Entoto was found to be unsatisfactory as a capital because of its cold climate, lack of water, and an acute shortage of firewood. [14] In 1886 settlement began in the valley south of the mountain in a place called Finfinne in Oromo , a name which refers to the presence of hot springs. The area was previously inhabited by various Oromo clans. [15] The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. Initially, she built a house for herself near the "Filwoha" hot mineral springs , where she and members of the Showan Royal Court liked to take mineral baths. Other nobility and their staff and households settled in the vicinity, and Menelik expanded his wife's house to become the Imperial Palace which remains the seat of government in Addis Ababa today. [16] In 1886, the city was renamed to Addis Ababa as the capital of Menelik's kingdom of Shewa. It become capital of Ethiopia in 1889, when Menelik became Emperor. [17] The town grew by leaps and bounds. One of Emperor Menelik's contributions that are still visible today is the planting of numerous eucalyptus trees along the city streets. [18]

Following all the major engagements of their invasion , Italian troops from the colony of Eritrea entered Addis Ababa on 5 May 1936. Along with Dire Dawa , the city had been spared the aerial bombardment (including the use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas ) practised elsewhere in Ethiopia. This also allowed its railway to Djibouti to remain intact. After the occupation, the city served as the Duke of Aosta 's capital for unified Italian East Africa until 1941, when it was abandoned in favour of Amba Alagi and other redoubts during the Second World War 's East African Campaign . The city was liberated by Major Orde Wingate and negus Haile Selassie for Ethiopian Gideon Force and Ethiopian resistance in time to permit Emperor Haile Selassie's return on 5 May 1941, five years to the day after he had left. Following reconstruction, Haile Selassie helped form the Organisation of African Unity in 1963 and invited the new organisation to keep its headquarters in Addis Ababa. The OAU was dissolved in 2002 and replaced by the African Union (AU), which is also headquartered in the city. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa also has its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa was also the site of the Council of the Oriental Orthodox Churches in 1965.


Addis Ababa is located in the heart of the Oromia state [19] [20] and the major ecosystem services to the city provided by Oromia state. [21] The city was abandoned by the Oromo since the late 19th century due to its conquest by Menelik. Oromos were physically removed from the vicinity of the city during the Haile Selassie and Derg eras. [22] Article 49(5) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia states: [23] [24]
"The special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis Ababa, regarding the provision of social
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