Acroposthion

Acroposthion

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the glans of the penis
This article is about human foreskin. For foreskin in other mammals, see Penile sheath .
Foreskin fully covering the glans penis
— Jacob Neusner , Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies (1993), p. 149, Scholars Press.
The foreskin , also known as the prepuce , is the double-layered fold of smooth muscle tissue , blood vessels , neurons , skin , and mucous membrane part of the penis that covers and protects the glans penis and the urinary meatus . [1] In adults, it is typically retractable over the glans - however, before that it is typically fused to the glans. Coverage of the glans in a flaccid and erect state varies depending on foreskin length. The foreskin is attached to the glans at birth and is generally not retractable in infancy or early childhood. Inability to retract the foreskin in childhood should not be considered a problem unless there are other symptoms. [2] It is not recommended that you try to retract a foreskin before it loosens from the glans. [3]

The foreskin may become subject to a number of pathological conditions. [4] Because of this, the World Health Organization and some other medical organizations have recommended circumcision as a prophylactic health intervention against disease . [5] [6] Other medical organziations have dissented from this position. [7] [8]

The outside of the foreskin is a continuation of the skin on the shaft of the penis , but the inner foreskin is a mucous membrane like the inside of the eyelid or the mouth. The mucocutaneous zone occurs where the outer and inner foreskin meet. Like the eyelid, the foreskin is free to move after it separates from the glans , which usually occurs before or during puberty . The foreskin is attached to the glans by a frenulum , a highly vascularized tissue of the penis. [9] The World Health Organization states that "[t]he frenulum forms the interface between the outer and inner foreskin layers, and when the penis is not erect, it tightens to narrow the foreskin opening. [9]

The human foreskin contains a sheath of muscle tissue just below the skin, formerly known as the peripenic muscle and now called the dartos fascia, most of which is contained in the foreskin. Elastic fibers are contained in the dartos fascia, which form a whorl at the tip of the foreskin. The whorl of fibers acts as a sphincter in infants, which opens to allow the passage of urine, but closes to protect the glans penis from foreign matter and contaminants. The dartos fascia is sensitive to temperature and expands and contracts with temperature changes. The dartos fascia is only loosely connected with the underlying tissue so it provides the skin mobility and elasticity of the penile skin. [ medical citation needed ]

According to the histological findings of the British Association of Urological Surgeons based on a research conducted on the autopsy of 22 foreskins, "the prepuce provides a large and important platform for several nerves and nerve endings", [10] The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia has written that the foreskin is "composed of an outer skin and an inner mucosa that is rich in specialized sensory nerve endings and erogenous tissue." [11]

Langerhans cells are immature dendritic cells that are found in all areas of the penile epithelium, [12] but are most superficial in the inner surface of the foreskin. [12]

The area of the outer foreskin measures 7–100 cm 2 , [13] and the inner foreskin measures 18–68 cm. 2 [14]

In 1996, following a study of 22 cadavers, retired pathologist John Taylor published an influential paper in which he proposed that the pleated skin of the distal foreskin (within the akroposthion, the portion extending beyond the glans) was a distinct anatomical structure called the " ridged band ", and that it played an important role in male sexual function. [15] [7] A 2015 review by Cox and colleagues said that the feature was particular to some men and that illustrations of the "ridged band" had been inconsistent in what they pointed to. [16]

The foreskin is present in the vast majority of mammals, including non-human primates , such as the chimpanzee . [9]

In children, the foreskin usually covers the glans completely but in adults it may not. During erection , the degree of automatic foreskin retraction varies considerably; in some adults, the foreskin remains covering all or some of the glans until retracted manually or by sexual activity. This variation was regarded by Chengzu (2011) as an abnormal condition named 'prepuce redundant'. Frequent retraction and washing under the foreskin is suggested for all adults but particularly for those with a long, or 'redundant' foreskin. [17] When the foreskin is longer than the erect penis, it will not spontaneously retract upon erection.

Some males, according to Xianze (2012), may be reluctant for their glans to be exposed because of discomfort when it chafes against clothing, although the discomfort on the glans was reported to diminish within one week of continuous exposure. [18] Guochang (2010) states that for those whose foreskins are too tight to retract or have some adhesions, forcible retraction should be avoided since it may cause injury. [19]

In 2007 The World Health Organization (2007) said that there was "debate about the role of the foreskin, with possible functions including keeping the glans moist, protecting the developing penis in utero, or enhancing sexual pleasure due to the presence of nerve receptors". [9] The foreskin helps to provide sufficient skin during an erection. [20]

The foreskin protects the glans. [11] In infants, it protects the glans from ammonia and feces in diapers, which reduces the incidence of meatal stenosis . And the foreskin helps prevent the glans from getting abrasions and trauma throughout life. [20] The fold of the prepuce produces sub-preputial wetness, helping to maintain the naturally moisturized state of the glans penis.

The foreskin contains Meissner's corpuscles , which are nerve endings involved in fine-touch sensitivity. A study of skin samples found that, compared to other hairless skin areas on the body, the Meissner's index was highest in the finger tip (0.96) and lowest in the foreskin (0.28) suggested that the foreskin has the least sensitive hairless tissue of the body. [16]

In primates, the foreskin is present in the genitalia of both sexes and likely has been present for millions of years of evolution. [21] The evolution of complex penile morphologies like the foreskin may have been influenced by females. [22] [23] [24]

In modern times, there is controversy regarding whether the foreskin is a vital or vestigial structure . [25] In 1949, British physician Douglas Gairdner noted that the foreskin plays an important protective role in newborns. He wrote, "It is often stated that the prepuce is a vestigial structure devoid of function... However, it seems to be no accident that during the years when the child is incontinent the glans is completely clothed by the prepuce, for, deprived of this protection, the glans becomes susceptible to injury from contact with sodden clothes or napkin." [25] During the physical act of sex, the foreskin reduces friction, which can reduce the need for additional sources of lubrication. [25] "Some medical researchers, however, claim circumcised men enjoy sex just fine and that, in view of recent research on HIV transmission, the foreskin causes more trouble than it’s worth." [25] In the March 2017 publication of the Global Health Journal: Science and Practice , Morris and Krieger wrote, "The variability in foreskin size is consistent with the foreskin being a vestigial structure." [26]

The foreskin can be involved in balanitis , phimosis , sexually transmitted infection and penile cancer . [27] The American Academy of Pediatricians' 2012 technical report on circumcision found that the foreskin tends to harbor micro-organisms that can lead to urinary tract infections in infants and tend to contribute to the transmission of sexually transmitted infections in adults. [28]

Frenulum breve is a frenulum that is insufficiently long to allow the foreskin to fully retract, which may lead to discomfort during intercourse.

Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of an adult cannot be retracted properly. Phimosis can be treated by using topical steroid ointments and using lubricants during sex; for severe cases circumcision may be necessary. [2] Posthitis is an inflammation of the foreskin.

A condition called paraphimosis may occur if a tight foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans and swells as a restrictive ring. This can cut off the blood supply, resulting in ischemia of the glans penis. [2]

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that most commonly occurs in adult women, although it may also be seen in men and children. Topical clobetasol propionate and mometasone furoate were proven effective in treating genital lichen sclerosus. [29]

Some birth defects of the foreskin can occur; all of them are rare. In aposthia there is no foreskin at birth, [30] : 37–39 in micropathia the foreskin does not cover the glans, [30] : 41–45 and in macroposthia, also called and congenital megaprepuce, the foreskin extends well past the end of the glans. [30] : 47–50

It has been found that larger foreskins place uncircumcised men at an increased risk for HIV infection [31] most likely due to the larger surface area of inner foreskin and the high concentration of Langerhans cells. [32]

Preputioplasty is the most common foreskin reconstruction technique, most often done when a boy is born with a foreskin that is too small; [33] : 177 a similar procedure is performed to relieve a tight foreskin without resorting to circumcision. [33] : 181

Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, either partially or completely. For newborns, it may be done for religious requirements or personal preferences surrounding hygiene and aesthetics. [34] : 257 Circumcision may also be performed on children or adults to treat phimosis, balanitis, or to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [35] : 166 The ethics of circumcision in children is a source of controversy . [36] [37] [38] As of 2012, no successful technique to reconstruct a circumcised foreskin had been published. [33] : 181 Some men have used weights to stretch the skin of the penis to regrow a foreskin; the resulting tissue does cover the glans but does not replicate the features of a foreskin. [39]

Other cultural or aesethetic practices include genital piercings involving the foreskin and slitting the foreskin . [40]

Foreskin restoration is the process of expanding the skin on the penis to reconstruct an organ similar to the foreskin, which has been removed by circumcision or injury. [41] Foreskin restoration is of ancient origin, when surgical means were taken to lengthen the foreskin of individuals born with either a short foreskin that did not cover the glans completely [42] or a completely exposed glans as a result of circumcision. [43] Foreskin restoration has been reported as having beneficial emotional results in some men, and has been proposed as a treatment for feelings of sexual violation or mutilation in adult men for circumcisions that were performed on them without consent. [44]

Foreskin restoration is primarily accomplished by stretching the residual skin of the penis, but surgical methods also exist. Some forms of restoration involve only partial regeneration in instances of a high-cut wherein the circumcisee feels that the circumciser removed too much skin and that there is not enough skin for erections to be comfortable. [41] Restoration creates a facsimile of the foreskin, but specialized tissues removed during circumcision such as the ridged band and frenulum cannot be reclaimed. Actual regeneration of the foreskin is experimental at this time. [45] In August 2021, the Italian biomedical company Foregen announced that it would be conducting a histological study, similar to those performed by Canadian pathologist John Taylor during the 1990s, of the foreskin in its regeneration efforts. [46]

Foreskins obtained from circumcision procedures are frequently used by biochemical and micro-anatomical researchers to study the structure and proteins of human skin. In particular, foreskins obtained from newborns have been found to be useful in the manufacturing of more human skin. [47]

Foreskins of babies are also used for skin graft tissue, [48] [49] [50] and for β-interferon -based drugs. [51]

Foreskin-derived fibroblasts have been used in biomedical research, [52] and cosmetic applications. [53]

The foreskin can play a role in sexual practices like docking . Docking is a gay sexual practice , which involves mutual masturbation , by inserting the glans penis into the foreskin of another penis.

Intact genitals were considered a sign of beauty , civility , and masculinity throughout the Greco-Roman world . [54] In ancient Greece , foreskins were valued, especially prepuces that were longer in length. [55] The earliest known illustrative depiction of the foreskin dates back to Egyptian kingdoms . [56] The foreskin can be seen depicted in art from different ages.

" Orestes at Delphi". Painting of two naked males, ca. 330 B.C.

The Marathon Youth , National Archaeological Museum, Athens , ca. 340-330 B.C.

Circumcised barbarians , along with any others who revealed the glans penis , were the butt of ribald humor . For Greek art portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as epispasm , that was aimed at elongation.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foreskin .

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Macroposthia and Congenital Megaprepuce (CM)

Pediatric Surgery, Al Azher University, Cairo, Egypt
Extensively large redundant part of the prepuce extended beyond the glans penis, sometimes representing more than three-quarters of the length of the penis, considered as a normal variation, and the term“akroposthion” given to this redundant part but a whole prepuce that has been deliberately lengthened is defined as a congenitally abnormal one, and described as a secondary megaprepuce.
Macroposthia, Volcano penis, Secondary megaprepuce and Acroposthia (akroposthion “Greek”)
Extensive large terminal part of the prepuce “akroposthion”
Abnormal large entire prepuce“ Macropothia”
Preputial bladder with urine dribbling from phimotic prepuce
The longer prepuce often serves as the object of erotic interest and as a signifier of the sexually attractive male along the history, the Greeks valued the longer over the shorter prepuce in relation to the length of the entire penis, and the smaller over the larger penis as a whole. The term congenital megaprepuce (CM) was first used in a case report in 1994 by O’Brien et al. [ 2 ], and since then increasing numbers of patients with CM have been reported.
This rare condition has only recently received recognition as an entity in its own right, and it is possible that it represents a genuinely new pathology, where a part of the foreskin extends beyond the glans, and it is possible that many cases may exist among children, but escape reporting, as there is no study till now reported the exact incidence of megaprepuce among normal children.
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Jun 30, 2017 | Posted by admin in UROLOGY | Comments Off on Macroposthia and Congenital Megaprepuce (CM)
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