Aboriganee
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Aboriganee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Look up aborigine , Aborigine , aborigines , Aborigines , aboriginal , or Aboriginal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aborigine . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Aborigine , aborigine or aboriginal may refer to:
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Key People:
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
Géza Róheim
Sir Baldwin Spencer
W.E.H. Stanner
Francis James Gillen
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Tasmanian Aboriginal people
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Fish-trapping fence in north-central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Traps such as this seem to offer evidence of the practice of aquaculture by early Australian Aboriginal peoples.
Know about the efforts to bury the remains of indigenous Australians that were taken away for study or exhibition in the 21st century
Overview of efforts in the 21st century to bury the remains of indigenous Australians that had been taken for scientific study and museum displays.
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Even though their histories are completely unrelated, the flags of Romania and Chad are almost exactly identical.
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Australian Aboriginal peoples , one of the two distinct groups of Indigenous peoples of Australia , the other being the Torres Strait Islander peoples .
It has long been conventionally held that Australia is the only continent where the entire Indigenous population maintained a single kind of adaptation— hunting and gathering —into modern times. Some scholars now argue, however, that there is evidence of the early practice of both agriculture and aquaculture by Aboriginal peoples. This finding raises questions regarding the traditional viewpoint that presents Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples as perhaps unique in the degree of contrast between the complexity of their social organization and religious life and the relative simplicity of their material technologies. (For a discussion of the names given to the Indigenous peoples of Australia, see Researcher’s Note: Britannica usage standards: Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia .)
It is generally held that Australian Aboriginal peoples originally came from Asia via insular Southeast Asia (now Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor , Indonesia, and the Philippines) and have been in Australia for at least 45,000–50,000 years. On the basis of research at the Nauwalabila I and Madjedbebe archaeological sites in the Northern Territory , however, some scientists have claimed that early humans arrived considerably sooner, perhaps as early as 65,000 to 80,000 years ago. That conclusion is consistent with the argument made by some scholars that the migration of anatomically modern humans out of Africa and adjacent areas of Southwest Asia to South and Southeast Asia along the so-called Southern Route predated migration to Europe. Other scholars question the earlier dating of human arrival in Australia, which is based on the use of optically stimulated luminescence (measurement of the last time the sand in question was exposed to sunlight), because the Northern Territory sites are in areas of termite activity, which can displace artifacts downward to older levels.
In either case, the first settlement would have occurred during an era of lowered sea levels, when there were more-coextensive land bridges between Asia and Australia. Watercraft must have been used for some passages, however, such as those between Bali and Lombok and between Timor and Greater Australia, because they entail distances greater than 120 miles (200 km). This is the earliest confirmed seafaring in the world. By about 35,000 years ago all of the continent had been occupied, including the southwest and southeast corners ( Tasmania became an island when sea levels rose sometime between 13,500 and 8,000 years ago, thus isolating Aboriginal people who lived there from the mainland) as well as the highlands of the island of New Guinea . Archaeological evidence suggests that occupation of the interior of Australia by Aboriginal peoples during the harsh climatic regime of the last glacial maximum (between 30,000 and 18,000 years ago) was highly dynamic , and all arid landscapes were permanently occupied only roughly 10,000 years ago.
The dingo , a type of wild dog, appeared in Australia only 5,000 to 3,000 years ago, which postdates the time that Aboriginal people began hafting small stone implements into composite tools some 8,000 years ago. Whereas the dingo was introduced from Southeast Asia, the small implements appear to be independent inventions from within Australia. Within the past 1,500–3,000 years, other important changes occurred at the general continental level: population increases, the exploitation of new habitats, more efficient resource exploitation, and an increase in the exchange of valued items over wide areas.
There is evidence for complex social behaviours much earlier, however, including cremation before 40,000 years ago, personal ornamentation (shell beads) by 30,000 years ago, and long-distance trade in objects before 10,000 years ago. It has not yet been ascertained whether there were single or multiple waves of migration into Australia, although recent genetic evidence indicates multiple donor groups, whether from a single heterogeneous migration or multiple waves. While there is no doubt that only anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens sapiens ) have ever occupied Australia, skulls found in the southeast suggest to some the existence of two distinct physical types. However, most now accept that there was a wide range of variation in pre-European populations. It has also been argued that one group on the Murray River practiced a form of cosmetic cranial deformation that led to their different appearance. Some have posited that Aboriginal cultures have one of the longest deep-time chronologies of any groups on Earth.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indigenous Australians who live on the Australian mainland, Tasmania, and Tiwi Islands
This article is about Australian Aboriginal peoples. For historical and contemporary information which relates to the indigenous population in general, including the Torres Strait Islanders, see Indigenous Australians .
Arnhem Land artist Glen Namundja painting at Injalak Arts
Didgeridoo player Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr performing with East Journey [5]
Clockwise from upper left: traditional lands Victoria , Tasmania , Darwin , Cairns .
^ "Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians" . Australian Bureau of Statistics . June 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b "4713.0 – Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians" . Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4 May 2010.
^ "Languages of Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Peoples – a Uniquely Australian Heritage" . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 .
^ "Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey" . AIATSIS . 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 .
^ Graves, Randin. "Yolngu are People 2: They're not Clip Art" . Yidaki History . Retrieved 30 August 2020 .
^ Rebe Taylor (2002). Unearthed: The Aboriginal Tasmanians of Kangaroo Island . Kent Town: Wakefield Press. ISBN 978-1-86254-552-6 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Read, Peter; Broome, Richard (1982). "Aboriginal Australians" . Labour History (43): 125–126. doi : 10.2307/27508560 . ISSN 0023-6942 . JSTOR 27508560 .
^ Jump up to: a b Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; et al. (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago". Nature . 547 (7663): 306–310. Bibcode : 2017Natur.547..306C . doi : 10.1038/nature22968 . hdl : 2440/107043 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 28726833 . S2CID 205257212 .
^ Morse, Dana (30 April 2021). "Researchers demystify the secrets of ancient Aboriginal migration across Australia" . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 7 May 2021 .
^ Crabtree, S.A.; White, D.A.; et al. (29 April 2021). "Landscape rules predict optimal superhighways for the first peopling of Sahul" . Nature Human Behaviour . 5 (10): 1303–1313. doi : 10.1038/s41562-021-01106-8 . PMID 33927367 . S2CID 233458467 . Retrieved 7 May 2021 .
^ Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" . Human Population Genetics and Genomics . 2 (1): 1–32. doi : 10.47248/hpgg2202010001 . ISSN 2770-5005 .
^ Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2022 (April 4, 2022) Quote: " Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya it is reasonable to describe Papuans as either an almost even mixture between East-Eurasians and a lineage basal to West and East-Eurasians which occurred sometimes between 45 and 38kya, or as a sister lineage of East-Eurasians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution. We here chose to parsimoniously describe Papuans as a simple sister group of Tianyuan, cautioning that this may be just one out of six equifinal possibilities. "
^ Aghakhanian, Farhang (14 April 2015). "Unravelling the Genetic History of Negritos and Indigenous Populations of Southeast Asia" . Genome Biology and Evolution . 7 (5): 1206–1215. doi : 10.1093/gbe/evv065 . PMC 4453060 . PMID 25877615 . Retrieved 8 May 2022 .
^ Jump up to: a b Huoponen, Kirsi; Schurr, Theodore G.; et al. (1 September 2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation". Human Immunology . 62 (9): 954–969. doi : 10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 . PMID 11543898 .
^ Rasmussen, Morten; Guo, Xiaosen; et al. (7 October 2011). "An Aboriginal Australia Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia" . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science. 334 (6052): 94–98. Bibcode : 2011Sci...334...94R . doi : 10.1126/science.1211177 . PMC 3991479 . PMID 21940856 .
^ Callaway, Ewen (2011). "First Aboriginal genome sequenced" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/news.2011.551 . ISSN 1476-4687 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 .
^ "DNA confirms Aboriginal culture is one of the Earth's oldest" . Australian Geographic. 23 September 2011.
^ Klein, Christopher (23 September 2016). "DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization" . History . Retrieved 13 March 2020 . Updated Aug 22, 2018
^ Gomes, Sibylle M.; Bodner, Martin; Souto, Luis; Zimmermann, Bettina; Huber, Gabriela; Strobl, Christina; Röck, Alexander W.; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio; Côrte-Real, Francisco (14 February 2015). "Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity" . BMC Genomics . 16 (1): 70. doi : 10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x . ISSN 1471-2164 . PMC 4342813 . PMID 25757516 .
^ Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021). "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea" . Nature . 596 (7873): 543–547. Bibcode : 2021Natur.596..543C . doi : 10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMC 8387238 . PMID 34433944 . The qpGraph analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).
^ Larena, M (March 2021). " "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (13): e2026132118" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 118 (13): e2026132118. doi : 10.1073/pnas.2026132118 . PMC 8020671 . PMID 33753512 .
^ Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, et al. (October 2021). "Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world" . Current Biology . 31 (19): 4219–4230.e10. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 . PMC 8596304 . PMID 34388371 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Bergström, Anders; Nagle, Nano; Chen, Yuan; McCarthy, Shane; Pollard, Martin O.; Ayub, Qasim; Wilcox, Stephen; Wilcox, Leah; van Oorschot, Roland A. H.; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Xue, Yali; Mitchell, R. John; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 March 2016). "Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes" . Current Biology . 26 (6): 809–813. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 . PMC 4819516 . PMID 26923783 .
^ Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen; Kayser, Manfred; Stoneking, Mark (29 January 2013). "Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 (5): 1803–1808. Bibcode : 2013PNAS..110.1803P . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1211927110 . PMC 3562786 . PMID 23319617 .
^ Sanyal, Sanjeev (2016). The ocean of churn : how the Indian Ocean shaped human history . Gurgaon, Haryana, India. p. 59. ISBN 9789386057617 . OCLC 990782127 .
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald, Anna (15 January 2013). "Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia" . ABC News .
^ Bergström, Anders (20 July 2018). Genomic insights into the human population history of Australia and New Guinea [doctoral thesis – abstract] (Thesis). University of Cambridge. doi : 10.17863/CAM.20837 . Retrieved 24 June 2020 – via Apollo. Whole thesis
^ Scholander, P. F.; Hammel, H. T.; et al. (1 September 1958). "Cold Adaptation in Australian Aborigines". Journal of Applied Physiology . 13 (2): 211–218. doi : 10.1152/jappl.1958.13.2.211 . PMID 13575330 .
^ Caitlyn Gribbin (29 January 2014). "Genetic mutation helps Aboriginal people survive tough climate, research finds" (text and audio) . ABC News .
^ Qi, X
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