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Я провела в Абердине 5 дней, здесь же и встречала Новый год. Этот город мне очень понравился и вызвал сильное желание вернуться туда ещё раз.
Эдинбург и Глазго такого желания не вызвали, хотя, конечно же, произвели неизгладимое впечатление. Но если Эдинбург и Глазго - это многолюдные гиганты (по шотландским меркам), то Абердин - это просто уютное, спокойное и приятное место для отдыха.
Жила в отеле "Double Tree by Hilton Aberdeen City Centre". Отель превзошёл все ожидания: гигантский номер, ванна в ванной комнате (больше ни в Англии, ни в Шотландии мне ванн не встречалось, только душ), вокруг отеля бегали гигантские кролики по газонам.
При позднем заезде подарили большое горячее печенье (спросив, нет ли аллергии), приготовили отличный кофе. Розетки только британского типа (в Лондоне в отелях были и европейские), но в большом количестве.
Непременный атрибут номера здесь - чайник с огромным количеством пакетиков чая разных видов.
Что понравилось в Абердине:
1. Пляж. Восхитительный пляж, идеальное место для прогулки!
Можно идти по песку, а можно - по специальной прогулочной дорожке. По утрам здесь гуляют люди с собаками (собак в Великобритании очень любят), на счастье этих собак можно смотреть бесконечно. Они бегают, прыгают, носятся по всему пляжу, это выглядит очень забавно. Здесь много и "спортсменов"-бегунов. Прямо по пляжу можно пройти из "Нового Абердина" в "Старый Абердин".
2. Выдающаяся архитектура - по всему городу. "Абердинов", на самом деле, два. Новый Абердин - это современный город (изначально - индустриальная часть, сформировавшаяся вокруг железной дороги), а Старый Абердин - это средневековая часть города, с постройками 15 века, в т.ч., университет, основанный в 1495 году.
На удивление, в этом Абердин совсем не похож на прочие старые города - обычно, историческая часть города находится в географическом центре, а вокруг неё уже строились современные районы.
В Абердине же географически "два" центра: старый и новый.
3. Большинство зданий в Абердине построено из гранита, и это очень красиво.
Город совсем не кажется серым и унылым - наоборот. Этот "каменный облик" придаёт городу сдержанность и очень своеобразный вид. Вокруг - только камень, и камень этот - самых разных оттенков.
Кстати, Абердин 10 раз побеждал на конкурсе "самый зелёный город Великобритании". Даже в конце декабря это можно представить - здесь множество скверов, парков и садов. Абердинский гранит поставлялся в другие города страны. Из него сделаны фонтаны на Трафальгарской площади в Лондоне.
4. Абердин не может похвастаться большим количеством туристов (а после Лондона он кажется совершенно безлюдным), никаких толп и очередей здесь нет.
По главным улицам можно гулять совершенно спокойно, в музеи нет очередей.
Самое интересное: Галерея искусств (в основном, работы шотландских мастеров), Морской музей, Театр Его Величества, Музей Маришаль.
5. В Абердине в большом количестве представлены самые разные кафе (в т.ч., сетевые типа Старбакса, Costa Coffee, Pret), магазины, много ресторанов с шотландской кухней. Всё открыто до позднего вечера, а рядом с вокзалом и автостанцией есть круглосуточный Макдональдс. У вокзала расположен гигантский торговый центр.
6. В Абердине есть аэропорт, от которого легко добраться до города.
На поезде можно уехать в Эдинбург, Глазго и Инвернесс (к озеру Лох-Несс), а на автобусе - поездить по окрестностям Абердина и посмотреть старинные замки и красивейшие пейзажи (и того, и другого здесь в избытке).
Весь общественный транспорт в Шотландии принимает бесконтактную оплату картами - при входе в автобус или трамвай просто прикладываете карточку к устройству, расположенному у передней двери (посадка в транспорт через переднюю дверь).
Абердин оставил самые приятные впечатления. Сдержанно-красивый, интересный и очень удобный город.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Scotland. For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation).
From top, left to right: Skyline of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Beach, Aberdeen Harbour, North Sea, Rosemount, Aberdeen International Business Park, Kirk of St Nicholas, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital
"Granite City", "Grey City", "Silver City", and "Silver City with the Golden Sands"
Aberdeen (/ˌæbərˈdiːn/ (listen); Scots: Aiberdeen, listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain [opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ]; Latin: Aberdonia) is a city in northeast Scotland. It is the third most populous city in Scotland, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City[3]) and the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area, with an official 2018 population estimate of 200,680 for the city of Aberdeen[2] and 227,560 for the local council area.[4]
During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which may sparkle like silver because of its high mica content.[5] Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe.[6] The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years,[7] when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don. The city has a long, sandy coastline and a marine climate, the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters.
Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland (1124–1153),[8] transforming the city economically. The city has two universities, the University of Aberdeen, founded in 1495, and Robert Gordon University, which was awarded university status in 1992, making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen's seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world[9] and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland.[10]
In 2012, HSBC named Aberdeen as a leading business hub and one of eight 'super cities' spearheading the UK's economy, marking it as the only city in Scotland so designated.[11] In 2018, Aberdeen was found to be the best city in the UK to start a business in a study released by card payment firm Paymentsense.[12]
The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years.[7] The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary.[13] The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I.
In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians.[14][15]
During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308, followed by executing the English garrison. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770.
During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1644 to 1647 the city was plundered by both sides. In 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the Battle of Aberdeen[16] and two years later it was stormed by a Royalist force under the command of the Marquis of Huntly.[17] In 1647 an outbreak of bubonic plague killed a quarter of the population. In the 18th century, a new Town Hall was built and the first social services appeared with the Infirmary at Woolmanhill in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779. The council began major road improvements at the end of the 18th century with the main thoroughfares of George Street, King Street and Union Street all completed at the beginning of the 19th century.
The expensive infrastructure works led to the city becoming bankrupt in 1817 during the Post-Napoleonic depression, an economic downturn immediately after the Napoleonic Wars; but the city's prosperity later recovered. The increasing economic importance of Aberdeen and the development of the shipbuilding and fishing industries led to the construction of the present harbour including Victoria Dock and the South Breakwater, and the extension of the North Pier. Gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water supply appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865.[15] The city was incorporated in 1891. Although Old Aberdeen has a separate history and still holds its ancient charter, it is no longer officially independent. It is an integral part of the city, as is Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of the River Dee.
Over the course of the Second World War Aberdeen was attacked 32 times by the German Luftwaffe. One of the most devastating attacks was on Wednesday 21 April 1943 when 29 Luftwaffe Dornier 217s flying from Stavanger, Norway attacked the city between the hours of 22:17 and 23:04.[18] A total of 98 civilians and 27 servicemen were killed, along with 9,668 houses damaged, after a mixture of 127 Incendiary, High Explosive and Cluster bombs were dropped on the city in one night. It was also the last German raid on a Scottish city during the war.
The name given to Aberdeen translates as 'mouth of the river Don', and is recorded as Aberdon in 1172 and Aberden in c. 1180. The first element of the name is the Pictish word aber 'river mouth'. The second element is from the Celtic river goddess Devona.[19]
Aberdeen is usually described as within the historical Pictish territory, and became Gaelic-speaking at some time in the medieval period. Old Aberdeen is the approximate location of Aberdon, the first settlement of Aberdeen; this literally means "the mouth of the Don". The Celtic word aber means "river mouth", as in modern Welsh (Aberystwyth, Aberdare, Aberbeeg etc.).[20] The Scottish Gaelic name is Obar Dheathain (variation: Obairreadhain; *obar presumably being a loan from the earlier Pictish; the Gaelic term is inbhir), and in Latin, the Romans referred to the river as Devana. Medieval (or Ecclesiastical) Latin has it as Aberdonia.
Aberdeen is locally governed by Aberdeen City Council, which comprises forty-five councillors who represent the city's wards and is headed by the Lord Provost. The current Lord Provost is Barney Crockett.[21] From May 2003 until May 2007 the council was run by a Liberal Democrat and Conservative Party coalition. Following the May 2007 local elections, the Liberal Democrats formed a new coalition with the Scottish National Party.[22][23] After a later SNP by-election gain from the Conservatives, this coalition held 28 of the 43 seats. Following the election of 4 May 2017, the council was controlled by a coalition of Scottish Labour, Scottish Conservatives and independent councillors; the Labour councillors were subsequently suspended by Scottish Labour Party leader, Kezia Dugdale.[24]
Aberdeen is represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom by three constituencies: Aberdeen North and Aberdeen South which are wholly within the Aberdeen City council area, and Gordon, which includes a large area of the Aberdeenshire Council area.
In the Scottish Parliament, the city is represented by three constituencies with different boundaries: Aberdeen Central and Aberdeen Donside are wholly within the Aberdeen City council area. Aberdeen South and North Kincardine includes the North Kincardine ward of Aberdeenshire Council. A further seven MSPs are elected as part of the North East Scotland electoral region. In the European Parliament the city was represented by six MEPs as part of the all-inclusive Scotland constituency.
The arms and banner of the city show three silver towers on red. This motif dates from at least the time of Robert the Bruce and represents the buildings that stood on the three hills of medieval Aberdeen: Aberdeen Castle on Castle Hill (today's Castlegate); the city gate on Port Hill; and a church on St Catherine's Hill (now levelled).[25]
Bon Accord is the motto of the city and is French for "Good Agreement". Legend tells that its use dates from a password used by Robert the Bruce during the 14th-century Wars of Scottish Independence, when he and his men laid siege to the English-held Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308.[14] It is still widely present in the city, throughout street names, business names and the city's Bon Accord shopping mall.[26]
The shield in the coat of arms is supported by two leopards. A local magazine is called the "Leopard" and, when Union Bridge was widened in the 20th century, small statues of the creature in a sitting position were cast and placed on top of the railing posts (known locally as Kelly's Cats). The city's toast is "Happy to meet, sorry to part, happy to meet again"; this has been commonly misinterpreted as the translation of Bon Accord.[27]
Being sited between two river mouths, the city has little natural exposure of bedrock. This leaves local geologists in a slight quandary: despite the high concentration of geoscientists in the area (courtesy of the oil industry), there is only a vague understanding of what underlies the city. To the south side of the city, coastal cliffs expose high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Grampian Group; to the southwest and west are extensive granites intruded into similar high-grade schists; to the north the metamorphics are intruded by gabbroic complexes instead.
The small amount of geophysics done, and occasional building-related exposures, combined with small exposures in the banks of the River Don, suggest that it is actually sited on an inlier of Devonian "Old Red" sandstones and silts. The outskirts of the city spread beyond the (inferred) limits of the outlier onto the surrounding metamorphic/ igneous complexes formed during the Dalradian period (approximately 480–600 million years ago) with sporadic areas of igneous Diorite granites to be found, such as that at the Rubislaw quarry which was used to build much of the Victorian parts of the city.[28]
On the coast, Aberdeen has a long sand beach between the two rivers, the Dee and the Don, which turns into high sand dunes north of the Don stretching as far as Fraserburgh; to the south of the Dee are steep rocky cliff faces with only minor pebble and shingle beaches in deep inlets. A number of granite outcrops along the south coast have been quarried in the past, making for spectacular scenery and good rock-climbing.
The city extends to 185.7 km2 (71.7 sq mi),[29] and includes the former burghs of Old Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of River Dee. In 2017 this gave the city a population density of 1,225.[4] The city is built on many hills, with the original beginnings of the city growing from Castle Hill, St. Catherine's Hill and Windmill Hill.[30]
Aberdeen features an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Aberdeen has far milder winter temperatures than one might expect for its northern location, although statistically it is the coldest city in the UK. During the winter, especially throughout December, the length of the day is very short, averaging 6 hours and 41 minutes between sunrise and sunset at winter solstice.[31] As winter progresses, the length of the day grows fairly quickly, to 8 hours and 20 minutes by the end of January. Around summer solstice, the days will be around 18 hours long, having 17 hours and 55 minutes between sunrise and sunset.[31] During this time of the year marginal nautical twilight lasts the entire night. Temperatures at this time of year hover around 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) during the day in most of the urban area, though nearer 16.0 °C (60.8 °F) directly on the coast, and around 18.0 to 19.0 °C (64.4 to 66.2 °F) in the westernmost suburbs,[32] illustrating the cooling effect of the North Sea during summer. In addition, from June onward skies are more overcast than in April/May, as reflected in a lower percentage of possible sunshine (the percentage of daylight hours that are sunny). These factors render both summer and winter temperate and mild for the latitude, both by European standards and those of far-inland climates on other continents.
Two weather stations collect climate data for the area, Aberdeen/Dyce Airport, and Craibstone. Both are about 4 1⁄2 miles (7 km) to the north west of the city centre, and given that they are in close proximity to each other, exhibit very similar climatic regimes. Dyce tends to have marginally warmer daytime temperatures year round owing to its slightly lower elevation, though it is more susceptible to harsh frosts. The coldest temperature to occur in recent years was −16.8 °C (1.8 °F) during December 2010,[33] while the following winter, Dyce set a new February high temperature station record on 28 February 2012 of 17.2 °C (63.0 °F).,[34] and a new March high temperature record of 21.6 °C (70.9 °F) on 25 March 2012.[35]
The average temperature of the sea ranges from 6.6 °C (43.9 °F) in March to 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) in August.[36]
The latest population estimate (mid-2016) for the City of Aberdeen is 200,680.[2] For the wider settlement of Aberdeen including Cove Bay and Dyce the latest population estimate (mid-2016) is 214,610.[2] For the local council area of Aberdeen City the latest estimate (mid-2019) is 227,560[4]
In 1396 the population was about 3,000. By 1801 it had become 26,992; (1901) 153,503; (1941) 182,467.[44]
The 2011 census showed that there are fewer young people in Aberdeen, with 16.4% under 16, opposed to the national average of 19.2%.[45] According to the 2011 census Aberdeen is 91.9% white, ethnically, 24.7% were born outside Scotland, higher than the national average of 16%. Of this population 7.6% were born in other parts of the UK.[43] 8.2% of Aberdonians stated to be from an ethnic minority (non-white) in the 2011 census, with 9,519 (4.3%) being Asian, with 3,385 (1.5%) coming from India and 2,187 (1.0%) being Chinese. The city has around 5,610 (2.6%) residents of African or Caribbean origin, which is a higher percentage than both Glasgow and Edinburgh.[43]
In the household, there were 97,013 individual dwellings recorded in the city of which 61% were privately owned, 9% privately rented and 23% rented from the council. The most popular type of dwellings are apartments which comprise 49% of residences followed by semi-detached at just below 22%.[46] The median income of a household in the city is £16,813 (the mean income is £20,292)[47] (2005) which places approximately 18% households in the city below the poverty line (defined as 60% of the mean income). Conversely, an Aberdeen postcode has the second highest number of millionaires of any postcode in the UK.[48]
Christianity is the main religion practised in the city. Aberdeen's largest denominations are the Church of Scotland (through the Presbytery of Aberdeen) and the Roman Catholic Church, both with numerous churches across the city, with the Scottish Episcopal Church having the third-largest number. The most recent census in 2001 showed that Aberdeen has the highest proportion of non-religious residents of any city in Scotland, with nearly 43% of citizens claiming to have no religion[45] and several former churches in the city have been converted into bars and restaurants. In the Middle Ages, the Kirk of St Nicholas was the only burgh kirk and one of Scotland's largest parish churches. Like a number of other Scottish kirks, it was subdivided after the Reformati
Селтик – Абердин. Прямая трансляция / Футбол. Шотландия. Премьершип / 17...
Абердин (Шотландия) - город, который понравился мне больше всех
Aberdeen - Wikipedia
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