ALFRED PUTNAM
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Hilary Whitehall Putnam (; July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, computer scientist, and figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century. He contributed to the studies of philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. Outside philosophy, Putnam contributed to mathematics and computer science. Together with Martin Davis he developed the Davis–Putnam algorithm for the Boolean satisfiability problem and he helped demonstrate the unsolvability of Hilbert's tenth problem. Putnam applied equal scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposed its flaws. As a result, he acquired a reputation for frequently changing his positions. In philosophy of mind, Putnam argued against the type-identity of mental and physical states based on his hypothesis of the multiple realizability of the mental, and for the concept of functionalism, an influential theory regarding the mind–body problem. Putnam also originated the computational theory of mind. In philosophy of language, along with Saul Kripke and others, he developed the causal theory of reference, and formulated an original theory of meaning, introducing the notion of semantic externalism based on a thought experiment called Twin Earth. In philosophy of mathematics, Putnam and W. V. O. Quine developed the Quine–Putnam indispensability argument, an argument for the reality of mathematical entities, later espousing the view that mathematics is not purely logical, but "quasi-empirical". In epistemology, Putnam criticized the "brain in a vat" thought experiment, which appears to provide a powerful argument for epistemological skepticism, by challenging its coherence. In metaphysics, he originally espoused a position called metaphysical realism, but eventually became one of its most outspoken critics, first adopting a view he called "internal realism", which he later abandoned. Despite these changes of view, throughout his career Putnam remained committed to scientific realism, roughly the view that mature scientific theories are approximately true descriptions of ways things are. In his later work, Putnam became increasingly interested in American pragmatism, Jewish philosophy, and ethics, engaging with a wider array of philosophical traditions. He also displayed an interest in metaphilosophy, seeking to "renew philosophy" from what he identified as narrow and inflated concerns. He was at times a politically controversial figure, especially for his involvement with the Progressive Labor Party in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
In connection with: Hilary Putnam
Title combos: Hilary Putnam
Description combos: powerful unsolvability things internal on indispensability philosophy its reputation
William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition
The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, often abbreviated to Putnam Competition, is an annual mathematics competition for undergraduate college students enrolled at institutions of higher learning in the United States and Canada (regardless of the students' nationalities). It awards a scholarship and cash prizes ranging from $250 to $2,500 for the top students and $5,000 to $25,000 for the top schools, plus one of the top five individual scorers (designated as Putnam Fellows) is awarded a scholarship of up to $12,000 plus tuition at Harvard University (Putnam Fellow Prize Fellowship), the top 100 individual scorers have their names mentioned in the American Mathematical Monthly (alphabetically ordered within rank), and the names and addresses of the top 500 contestants are mailed to all participating institutions. It is widely considered to be the most prestigious university-level mathematics competition in the world, and its difficulty is such that the median score is often zero or one (out of 120) despite being primarily attempted by students specializing in mathematics. The competition was founded in 1927 by Elizabeth Lowell Putnam in memory of her husband William Lowell Putnam, who was an advocate of intercollegiate intellectual competition. The competition has been offered annually since 1938 and is administered by the Mathematical Association of America.
In connection with: William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition
Title combos: Mathematical William Putnam Mathematical Competition Lowell William Mathematical Competition
Description combos: students 1927 Putnam in tuition an at prizes for
Rufus Putnam (April 9, 1738 – May 4, 1824) was an American military officer who fought during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. As an organizer of the Ohio Company of Associates, he was instrumental in the initial colonization by the United States of former Native American, English, and French lands in the Northwest Territory in present-day Ohio following the war. Ultimately attaining the rank of brigadier general during the Ohio campaign of 1792–1793, he became known as "Father of the Northwest Territory".
In connection with: Rufus Putnam
Title combos: Rufus Putnam
Description combos: following French former American the lands Rufus an Ohio
Hants (federal electoral district)
Hants was a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1925. It was created in the British North America Act, 1867, and abolished in 1924 when it was merged into Hants—Kings riding. It consisted of Hants County.
In connection with: Hants (federal electoral district)
Title combos: Hants electoral district electoral federal Hants district federal electoral
Description combos: in of electoral 1867 the of the 1925 Hants
Frederic Ward Putnam (April 16, 1839 – August 14, 1915) was an American anthropologist and biologist.
In connection with: Frederic Ward Putnam
Title combos: Frederic Ward Putnam Ward Frederic
Description combos: 1839 was April 1839 was April Frederic 1839 Ward
Allen Haley (January 31, 1844 – April 23, 1900) was a Canadian dentist, ship builder and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Hants County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1882 to 1890 and Hants in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1900 as a Liberal member. He was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, the son of Allen Haley and Harriet Utley, and was educated there. Haley went on to study at the Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery. He set up his dental practice in Windsor, Nova Scotia. In 1869, he married Annie M. Smith. He was secretary for the Shipowners Marine Insurance Company. Haley served as probate registrar for Hants County, a member of the Windsor town council and Warden for Windsor. He ran unsuccessfully for a federal seat in 1891. Haley died in office in Ottawa at the age of 56.
In connection with: Allen Haley
Title combos: Allen Haley
Description combos: ran Commons County Canadian 1900 at and ship He
Alfred Putnam (September 8, 1836 – October 12, 1904) was a ship builder and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Hants in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1896 as a Conservative member. He was born in Noel, Hants County, Nova Scotia, of Scottish descent. He married Maggie Fleming in 1866. Putnam was president of the Hants County Marine Insurance Company. He ran unsuccessfully for reelection to the House of Commons in 1896 and 1900.
In connection with: Alfred Putnam
Title combos: Alfred Putnam
Description combos: House Nova of as September Alfred 1904 figure Company
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