A contrastive analysis of consonants of English and Turkish languages - Иностранные языки и языкознание дипломная работа

Главная

Иностранные языки и языкознание
A contrastive analysis of consonants of English and Turkish languages

Comparative analysis and classification of English and Turkish consonant system. Peculiarities of consonant systems and their equivalents and opposites in the modern Turkish language. Similarities and differences between the consonants of these languages.


посмотреть текст работы


скачать работу можно здесь


полная информация о работе


весь список подобных работ


Нужна помощь с учёбой? Наши эксперты готовы помочь!
Нажимая на кнопку, вы соглашаетесь с
политикой обработки персональных данных

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/
A contrastive analysis of consonants of English and Turkish languages
Chapter 1. Consonant systems of English and Turkish languages
1.1 Classification of English consonant system
1.2 Classification of Turkish consonant system
Chapter 2. General similarities and differences of the consonant sounds in English and Turkish
The study of language has been a constant preoccupation with more or less professional researchers for thousands of years. Since the earliest times, much before the birth of linguistics as a distinct scholarly discipline, people have been aware of the essential role language plays not only in their everyday life, but also as a characteristic feature of mankind, radically differentiating human beings from other species of the animal kingdom.
The fact that language acts as a fundamental link between ourselves and the world around us and that in the absence of language our relation to the universe and to our fellows is dramatically impaired is something that people have been (at least intuitively) aware of since the beginning of history. Suffice it to mention that different cultures seem to associate speech problems with intellectual deficiencies. The origin of language (believed to be divine in most ancient cultures), the relation between language and thinking, the question if we can think without the help of language (and if we can, what kind of thinking is that), the manner in which human beings (who are not, obviously, born with the ability to speak, but have, however, an innate capacity for language acquisition) come, with an amazing rapidity, to successfully use language, beginning with the very first stages of their existence (the acquisition of language actually parallels the birth of the child's self-consciousness and the latter can hardly be imagined without the former) have puzzled researchers for centuries and none of these questions has actually received a satisfactory and universally accepted answer.
Language is obviously the main system available for us, not only for knowing the world and understanding it, but also for accumulating, storing and communicating information. Language can thus be understood as the main system we have for communicating among us. All the other systems of conveying information are actually based on this essential, fundamental one. Communication by means of language can thus be understood as a complex process actually consisting of several stages. Any act of communication basically takes place between two participants: on the one hand we have the source of the information, the person who has to communicate something, the sender of the message that contains the information, and on the other hand we need a second party, the recipient, the addressee of the message, the beneficiary of the communication act, in other words the person(s) to whom the information contained in the message is addressed. Since the sender has to convey a message, and the transmission is to take place on the basis of a system of signs (a code), the first thing the sender has to do is to encode or codify his message, in other words to render the contents of the message by means of the signs of the respective code (the language) .The next stage is obviously represented by the transmission of the message proper, which can be achieved in several ways (depending of the type of communication; e.g. written or oral). Once the message reaches the recipient, the process should unfold in the opposite direction. That is, the message gets to the recipient in an encoded form so that the recipient has to decode it and grasp its meaning.
The importance of sounds as vehicles of meaning is something people have been aware of for thousands of years. However, systematic studies on the speech sounds only appeared with the development of modern sciences Jakobson, R. & L. Waugh (1979). The sound shape of language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. . The term phonetics used in connection with such studies comes from Greek and its origins can be traced back to the verb phфnein, to speak, in its turn related to phфnз, sound. The end of the 18th century witnessed a revival of the interest in the studying of the sounds of various languages and the introduction of the term phonology Ohala, J. J. (1986). Consumer's guide to evidence in phonology . The latter comes to be, however, distinguished from the former only more than a century later with the development of structuralism which emphasizes the essential contrastive role of classes of sounds which are labeled phonemes. The terms continue to be used, however, indiscriminately until the prestige of phonology as a distinct discipline is finally established in the first half of the 20th century. Though there is no universally accepted point of view about a clear-cut border line between the respective domains of phonetics and phonology as, indeed, we cannot talk about a phonological system ignoring the phonetic aspects it involves and, on the other hand, any phonetic approach should take into account the phonological system that is represented by any language, most linguists will agree about some fundamental distinctions between the two.
A great interest to compare studying of languages of different structures by scientists is explained first of all that it can help to ascertain general and regular rules of language communication. This diploma paper is devoted to comparative analysis of consonant systems of English and Turkish languages.
When compare the analysis we outcome of that fact that the languages being the most important means of communication and first of all appears in sound speech. That is why the study of foreign languages begins with the creation of pronouncing skills.
However possession of new pronouncing skillss is accompanied by some difficulties caused by means of interference, i.e. unconscious transference pronouncing norms of native language to pronouncing norms of studying language.
A teacher who is aware of interference of native language has a possibility to prevent mistakes, to work out effective system of preventive exercises, which can foresee the mistakes, when the sounds coincide a teacher can use the skills of positive transference of norm of native language.
The novelty of the study. Novelty of the diploma work is that it adds some details to what was studied before. This theme is actual for today and will always be. Many linguists are interested in the features of consonant systems in English and their equivalents and opposites in the Turkish language. Due to the analysis which is used in this diploma work to determine the features of consonant systems and to reveal their equivalents in the Turkish language, it is possible to notice the differences and peculiarities of consonant sounds and the way of their transference into the Turkish language.
The subject of the study is peculiarities of consonant systems and their equivalents and opposites in the Modern Turkish language.
Compare studying of the peculiarities of native and studying languages has a great significance when teaching.
Actuality of this theme is that practice of English pronunciation, especially on the primary level.
When comparing any languages, if the languages of one group or different, similar or opposite features are appeared. The results of comparative linguistic analysis help to prevent on the scientific level the possibilities of interference and foresee the forecast of possible mistakes.
From the very beginning of studying the language it is very important to watch thoroughly for a learner to pronounce the sounds, to have a right intonation. It is impossible to miss any wrong pronunciation of sounds. It is almost impossible to correct wrong pronunciation at the end of studying. That is why the primary stage in pronunciation of foreign language is the most important.
It is known that English belongs to German group of Indo-European languages and Turkish belon gs to the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family are different from one another by their sound characteristics. It plays a great role in the method of language teaching.
The purpose of this diploma paper is the study of theoretical basis of English phonetics, comparing with the theoretical basis of Turkish phonetics , to make comparative analysis of consonant systems in modern English and Turkish languages.
The English language gradually becomes one of the most widely used languages in the world. There are large numbers of students in institutions of higher and further education who are learning English for many purposes: as the medium of the literature and culture of English-speaking countries; for access to scholarly and technological publications; to qualify as English teachers, translators, or interpreters; to improve their chances of employment or promotion in such areas as tourist trade, international progammes for economic or military aid. In countries where it is a second language, English is commonly used as the medium for higher education, at least for scientific and technological subjects.
Advantage of this diploma paper is that it will be useful both to teachers, and to students. In teaching activity it can be applied in studying of such courses as practical course of translation, theoretical course of translation, practicum on culture of speech communication, etc. The analysis made in this diploma work will help to predict mistakes while speaking, will help to practical exercises for development of skills of phonetics.
The main task is to make comparative analysis of consonant systems in moder n English and Turkish languages, find similarities and differences between English and Turkish consonant systems, to define difficulties which encounter the students while reading the consonant phonemes, which are necessary to overcome , and also to study the theoretical basis of English phonetics and compare them with the theoretical basis of Turkish in order to understand the structure of Modern English language.
The structure of the degree work. The present diploma work consists of the introduction, two chapters, t he conclusion and bibliography and references.
The introduction explains the actuality, the novelty and the subject of the study as well as the objective and tasks, the theoretical and practical value of the study; enumerates the methods of research.
Chapter I is devoted to the English consonant system and their classification as well as the consonant systems of Turkish language and their classification It includes the survey of various classifications of consonant. At the end of the chapter there is a summary.
Chapter II includes the comparative analysis of consonant systems of English and Turkish languages. This analysis can give us a possibility to find some similarities and differences between the consonants of English and Turkish languages.
The conclusion sums up the results of the study.
In references we can find the general tables of consonant sounds.
Chapter 1. Consonant systems of English and Turkish languages
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. The word consonant comes from Latin and means "sounding with" or "sounding together," the idea being that consonants don't sound on their own, but occur only with a nearby vowel, which is the case in Latin. This conception of consonants, however, does not reflect the modern linguistic understanding which defines consonants in terms of vocal tract constriction Halle, Morris. 1990. “Respecting metrical structure”. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory .
Since the number of consonants in the world's languages is much greater than the number of consonant letters in any one alphabet, linguists have devised systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to assign a unique symbol to each possible consonant Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition . . In fact, the Latin alphabet, which is used to write English, has fewer consonant letters than English has consonant sounds, so some letters represent more than one consonant, and digraphs like "sh" and "th" are used to represent some sounds. Many speakers aren't even aware that the "th" sound in "this" is a different sound from the "th" sound in "thing" (in the IPA they're [?] and [?], respectively).
Each consonant can be distinguished by several features:
· The manner of articulation is the method that the consonant is articulated, such as nasal (through the nose), stop (complete obstruction of air), or approximant (vowel like).
· The place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the consonant occurs, and which speech organs are involved. Places include bilabial (both lips), alveolar (tongue against the gum ridge), and velar (tongue against soft palate). Additionally, there may be a simultaneous narrowing at another place of articulation, such as palatalisation or pharyngealisation.
· The phonation of a consonant is how the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. When the vocal cords vibrate fully, the consonant is called voiced; when they do not vibrate at all, it's voiceless.
· The voice onset time (VOT) indicates the timing of the phonation. Aspiration is a feature of VOT.
· The airstream mechanism is how the air moving through the vocal tract is powered. Most languages have exclusively pulmonic egressive consonants, which use the lungs and diaphragm, but ejectives, clicks, and implosives use different mechanisms.
· The length is how long the obstruction of a consonant lasts. This feature is borderline distinctive in English, as in "wholly" [ho?lli] vs. "holy" [ho?li], but cases are limited to morpheme boundaries. Unrelated roots are differentiated in various languages such as Italian, Japanese and Finnish, with two length levels, "single" and "geminate". Estonian and some Sami languages have three phonemic lengths: short, geminate, and long geminate, although the distinction between the geminate and overlong geminate includes suprasegmental features.
· The articulatory force is how much muscular energy is involved. This has been proposed many times, but no distinction relying exclusively on force has ever been demonstrated.
All English consonants can be classified by a combination of these features, such as "voiceless alveolar stop consonant" [t]. In this case the airstream mechanism is omitted.
In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants. For any place of articulation, there may be several manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants.
One parameter of manner is stricture, that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another. Parameters other than stricture are those involved in the ar sounds (taps and trills), and the sibilancy of fricatives. Often nasality and laterality are included in manner, but phoneticians such as Peter Ladefoged consider them to be independent.
From greatest to least stricture, speech sounds may be classified along a cline as stop consonants (with occlusion, or blocked airflow), fricative consonants (with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow), approximants (with only slight turbulence), and vowels (with full unimpeded airflow). Affricates often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives, but phonetically they are sequences of stop plus fricative.
Historically, sounds may move along this cline toward less stricture in a process called lenition.
Sibilants are distinguished from other fricatives by the shape of the tongue and how the airflow is directed over the teeth. Fricatives at coronal places of articulation may be sibilant or non-sibilant, sibilants being the more common.
Taps and flaps are similar to very brief stops. However, their articulation and behavior is distinct enough to be considered a separate manner, rather than just length. [ specify ]
Trills involve the vibration of one of the speech organs. Since trilling is a separate parameter from stricture, the two may be combined. Increasing the stricture of a typical trill results in a trilled fricative. Trilled affricates are also known.
Nasal airflow may be added as an independent parameter to any speech sound. It is most commonly found in nasal stops and nasal vowels, but nasal fricatives, taps, and approximants are also found. When a sound is not nasal, it is called oral. An oral stop is often called a plosive, while a nasal stop is generally just called a nasal.
Laterality is the release of airflow at the side of the tongue. This can also be combined with other manners, resulting in lateral approximants (the most common), lateral flaps, and lateral fricatives and affricates.
Manners of articulation with substantial obstruction of the airflow (plosives, fricatives, affricates) are called obstruents. These are prototypically voiceless, but voiced obstruents are extremely common as well. Manners without such obstruction (nasals, liquids, approximants, and also vowels) are called sonorants because they are nearly always voiced. Voiceless sonorants are uncommon, but are found in Welsh and Classical Greek (the spelling "rh"), in Tibetan (the "lh" of Lhasa), and the "wh" in those dialects of English which distinguish "which" from "witch".
Sonorants may also be called resonants, and some linguists prefer that term, restricting the word 'sonorant' to non-vocoid resonants (that is, nasals and liquids, but not vowels or semi-vowels). Another common distinction is between stops (plosives and nasals) and continuants (all else); affricates are considered to be both, because they are sequences of stop plus fricative.
Principles of Classification of English Consonants
The particular quality of a consonant depends on the work of the vocal cords, the position of the soft palate and the kind of noise that results when the tongue or the lips obstruct the airflow Bolinger, Dwight L.1986. Intonation and Its Parts. Melody in Spoken English. .
Linguists distinguish two types of articulatory obstruction that are formed when pronouncing consonants: complete and incomplete Berg, T. (1989). On the internal structure of polysyllabic monomorphemic words: the case for superrimes. .
A complete obstruction is formed when organs of speech come into contact with each other and the air-passage is blocked.
An incomplete obstruction is formed when articulating organs (articulators) are held so close to a point of articulation as to narrow, or constrict, the air-passage without blocking it.
1.1 Classification of English consonant system
There are all in all 24 consonants in the English language and they are usually classified according to the following four principles This classification is taken from the book: Vassiliev, Vyacheslav, A. 1980. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. Moscow: Vyshaya Shcola, pp. 16-19. :
I. According to the type of obstruction and the manner of noise production.
II. According to the active organ of speech and the place of obstruction.
III. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation.
IV. According to the position of the soft palate.
Vary: 1. In the manner of articulation.
Vary: 1. In the manner of articulation.
3. In the position of the soft palate.
4. In the direction of the air stream.
According to the type of obstruction and the manner of noise production.
a) According to the type of obstruction, all English consonants are divided into occlusive and constrictive.
Occlusive consonants are produced with a complete obstruction formed by the articulating organs, when the airflow is blocked in the mouth cavity.
Constrictive consonants are produced with an incomplete or restricted obstruction, that is by a narrowing of the airflow.
Occlusive consonants may be: (1) noise and (2) sonorants.
In the production of occlusive sonorants organs of speech form a complete obstruction in the mouth cavity, which is not released. The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nasal cavity. In occlusive sonorants tone prevails over noise.
In Turkish occlusive sonorants are: [m], [n].
b) According to the manner of noise production, occlusive noise consonants are divided into plosive consonants (or stops) and affricates.
In the production of occlusive plosives (or stops) active organs of speech form a complete obstruction to the airflow, which is then released with a plosion.
In the English language voiceless occlusive plosives [p, t, k ] are aspirated Aspiration is a slight puff of breath that is heard after the plosion of a voiceless plosive consonant before the beginning of the vowel, that follows it. , with the exception of the case when they are preceded by [s], like in clusters [sp, st, sk ].
In Turkish occlusive plosives are: [p, b, t, d, k', k' g', g' ].
In the production of occlusive affricates active organs of speech form a complete obstruction, which is then released so slowly that a considerable friction takes place at the point of articulation.
In Turkish occlusive affricates are: [C], [G] and [ts].
Constrictive consonants may also be: (1) noise and (2) sonorants.
In the production of noise constrictives active organs of speech form an incomplete or restricted obstruction.
In Turkish noise constrictives are: [ f, v, s, z, S, Z, h ].
In the production of constrictive sonorants the air-passage is fairly wide, so that the air passing through the mouth does not produce audible friction and tone prevails over noise.
b) According to the manner of noise production, constrictive sonorant consonants are divided into lateral consonants and median.
In the production of median sonorants the air escapes without audible friction over the central part of the tongue, the sides of the tongue being raised.
In English median constrictive sonorants are: [w, r, j ]; Turkish - [ r, j ].
In the production of lateral sonorants the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge or the teeth, and the sides of the tongue are lowered, leaving the air-passage flow along them.
In English lateral constrictive sonorants are: [ l', l ]; in Turkish - [ l ].
According to the active organ of speech and the place of obstruction.
According to the active organ of speech, English consonants are devided into three groups: labial, lingual and glotta Hyman, Larry M.1975. Phonology: Theory and Analysis , New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. l.
1. Labial consonants are articulated with one or both lips and, therefore, may be (A) bilabial and (B) labio-dental.
Bilabial consonants are articulated with both lips, upper and lower. The English bilabial consonants are: [m, p, b]; the Turkish bilabial consonants are: [ m, p, b ].
(B) Labio-dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth. The English labio-dental consonants are [f], [v], and the Turkish labio-dental consonants are: [f, v].
2. Lingual consonants are articulated with the tongue and may be (A) forelingual, (B) mediolingual, and (C) backlingual.
Forelingual consonants are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue, they may fall into two subgroups: a) apical and b) cacuminal.
Apical consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against either the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge. The English apical consonants are: [T], [D], [t], [d], [I], [n], [s], [z], the Turkish [ t, d, n, l, s, z ].
Cacuminal consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue raised against the back part of the alveolar ridge. The front of the tongue is lowered in a 'spoon-shaped' form; the English [r].
(B) Mediolingual consonants are articulated with the front of the tongue against the hard palate. For English and Turkish the mediolingual consonat is [j].
(C) Backlingual consonants are articulated by the back of the tongue against the soft palate. The English backlingual consonants are: [k], [g], [N], and the Turkish - [[k'], [k], [g'], [g].
b) According to the place of obstruction, English consonants are divided into (1) dental (interdental or post-dental), (2) alveolar, (3) palato-alveolar, (4) post-alveolar, (5) palatal, and (6) velar.
Dental consonants are articulated against the upper teeth either with the tip or with the blade of the tongue. The English [T], [D], or with the blade of the tongue, the Turkish [t], [t'].
Alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge: such English consonants as [t], [d], [n], [ l ], [s], [z], and Turkish - [t, d, s, z, l,n, r, ts].
(3) Palato-alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip and blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the back part of the alveolar ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate: the English [S], [Z], [C], [G], and the Turkish [ Z, S ] .
Post-alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the back part of the alveolar ridge: the English [r].
Palatal consonants are articulated by the front of the tongue being raised in the direction of the hard palate: the English, Turkish [j].
Velar consonants are articulated by the back or root of the tongue raised in the direction of the velum, or against the uvula; the English [k, g, N], the Turkish [k',k, g', g].
The correspondence between the active organ of speech and the place of obstruction for the English forelingual consonants see in Table 4.2 given below.
Table 2. Active organ of speech vs. place of obstruction
According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation
According to the work of the vocal cords, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless.
b) According to the force of articulation, consonants are divided into fortis (or relatively strong), and lenis (or relatively weak).
All English voiced consonants are lenis (relatively weak) Heffner, R. M. S. General Phonetics . 1964. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press . The following English consonants are voiced and lenis: [b], [d], [g], [g], [v], [d], [z], [z], [m], [n], [n], [w], [i], [r], [j].
The Turkish voiceless consonants are weaker than their English counterparts, and Turkish voiced consonants are a little stronger.
All English voiceless consonants are fortis (relatively strong). They are pronounced with greater muscular tension and a stronger breath force than the voiced ones. The English voiceless consonants are: [p, t, k, f, T, s, C, S, h].
According to the position of the soft palate
According to the position of the soft palate, all English consonants are devided into two groups: nasal and sonorants.
Nasal consonants are produced when the soft palate is lowered down and the air-passage goes through the nasal cavity, and the access to the mouth cavity is blocked.
The English nasal consonants are [m], [n], [n], and the Turkish - [m ], [n].
· [?] is a voiced labiodental nasal (SAMPA: [F])
· [n] is a dental nasal (SAMPA: [n_d]}
· [n] is an alveolar or dental nasal: see alveolar nasal
· [?] voiced retroflex nasal, common in Indic languages (SAMPA: [n`])
· [?] voiced palatal nasal (SAMPA: [J]); is a common sound in European languages as in: Spanish n; or French and Italian gn; or Catalan and Hungarian ny; or Occitan and Portuguese nh.
· [?] voiced velar nasal (SAMPA: [N]), as in sing.
· [?] voiced uvular nasal (SAMPA: [N\])
Oral consonants are produced when the soft palate is raised up and the air passage goes through the mouth cavity, and the access to the nasal cavity is blocked.
The following English consonants are oral [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [f], [v], [t], [d], [s], [z], [s], [z], [h], [c], [g], [w], [i], [r], [j].
Having examined the main criteria we can use to classify consonants from an articulatory point of view, we can now briefly describe the consonant phonemes of English.
1. The Glides. There are two sounds in English, [w] and [j], having vowel-like features as far as their articulation is concerned, but which differ from their vowel counterparts [u] and [i] respectively through their distribution, force of articulation and length Deligiorgis, Ioanna. 2001. Glides and Syllables . When we articulate a glide the articulatory organs start by producing a vowel-like sound, but then they immediately change their position to produce another sound. It is to the gliding that accompanies their articulation that these sounds owe their name. As we have seen earlier, precisely because of their ambiguous nature they are also called semivowels or semiconsonants. Unlike vowels, they cannot occur in syllable-final position, can never precede a consonant and are always followed by a genuine vocalic sound Clements, G. N. & S. J. Keyser (1983). CV phonology: a generative theory of the syllable .
a. [w] is a labio-velar, rounded sound. At the beginning, its articulation is similar to that of the vowel [u], but then the speech organs shift to a different position to utter a different vocalic sound. The distribution of the sound includes syllable-initial position before almost any English vowel (e.g. win [w 4n], weed [wi:d], wet [wet], wag [w ?g], work [w f:k], won [won],woo [wu:], wood [w ѓТd], walk, [w ]:k] wander [w ]nd c],) or a diphthong (e.g. way). Before [r], (e.g. write) the sound is no longer pronounced. [w] can also occur after a plosive (e.g. twin, queen) or a fricative consonant (e.g. swine). It can be rendered graphically either by the letter w (the most common case) (e.g. sweet) or by u (e.g. quite).
b. [j] is an unrounded palatal semivowel. The initial stage of its pronunciation is quite similar to that of the short vowel [w], but then the
A contrastive analysis of consonants of English and Turkish languages дипломная работа. Иностранные языки и языкознание.
Курсовая работа по теме Каталитический крекинг с кипящим слоем микросферического катализатора
Безопасность Продуктов Питания Реферат
Культура Африки Реферат
Реферат по теме Культурна революція в Україні 1928-1939 років
Реферат: Медицинское страхование в России
Мечты Сбываются Эссе
Реферат по теме Чесотка – болезнь древняя, но «живучая»
Реферат по теме Монгольское владычество в Китае
Курсовая Работа На Тему Биржи
Реферат: Бессознательное
Оформление Формул В Дипломной Работе
Реферат по теме Минеральные ресурсы
Дипломная работа по теме Разработка рекомендаций повышения эффективности менеджмента круизного маршрута 'Кронштадт-Котка-Кунда'
Питание – путь к здоровью. Принципы полноценного питания.
Курсовая работа по теме Тема дитинства у світовій літературі
Чем Отличается Реферат От Проекта
Сочинение На Тему Проблема Воспитания Обломов
Курсовая работа по теме Профессиональное обучение: значение, сущность, проблемы
Дипломная работа по теме Исследование совместной экстракции кислот в расслаивающихся системах ДАА–бензойная кислота–хлороводородная кислота–вода
Реферат: Водные и почвенные ресурсы России. Растительный и животный мир
Авторские права и их защита - Государство и право дипломная работа
Построение литологической колонки и генетическая интерпретация разреза на основе полевого описания и аналитических данных - Геология, гидрология и геодезия курсовая работа
Методы психологического воздействия и процесс ресоциализации осужденных - Государство и право реферат