A Journey Back In Time The Conversations People Had About Evolution Korea 20 Years Ago
Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than might be expected.
The country is searching for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon papermaking, block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. 에볼루션 embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical with the monarch and top officials came from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and often required them to serve in the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom grew into the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obeyed by all and respected by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a country that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious items such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, made of enormous single stones, are also common throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not believe to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country is in flux. People who are shocked by the costs of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, champions of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses.
Analysts and academics are divided over the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development including democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies the key elements that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders and scientists.
The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it published its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.
A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in creation science. It has also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also organized a network of local branches that conduct seminars and present talks to children in schools and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.