3 Latinas canons jouent

🔞 TOUTES LES INFORMATIONS CLIQUEZ ICI 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻

3 Latinas canons jouent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Major campaign of the Seven Years' War
Northern and Eastern Portugal, Spain
Seven Years' War : European theatre
— In An Account of Portugal, as it Appeared in 1766 to Dumouriez .
— Contemporary account of the Battle of Montalegre in the jornal Le Nouvelliste Suisse , July 1762.
— Orderly book of Lieut. Gen John Burgoyne
— Cited in Lettres Historiques et Politiques sur le Portugal
— The Gentleman's and London Magazine: Or Monthly Chronologer, 1741–1794
— In History of the War in the Peninsula, Under Napoleon .
— Allied commander Lippe in Mémoire de la Campagne de Portugal de 1762 .
— (letters sent by Miguel de Arriaga – the army's secretary – to the Portuguese prime minister, Marquis of Pombal , during the chase of the remnants of the Franco-Spanish army).
— (Excerpt from the report of French General Dumouriez , who came to Portugal to study the causes of the Franco-Spanish defeat and develop an effective new plan to attack Portugal. [151] His report was presented to the Spanish king in November 1766 by the French ambassador Ossun, who omitted the passages of the text that mentioned the effectiveness of the Portuguese guerrillas over the Spaniards. [152] [153] It was also sent to the French foreign minister Choiseul ).
— Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
— W. Bradford in Sketches of Military Costume in Spain and Portugal.
— In Víctimas Ilustradas del Despotismo. El Conde de Superunda, Culpable y Reo, ante el Conde de Aranda .

^ A few years after the 1762 invasion, during the Peninsular war (1808–1814), the prestige of the Portuguese soldier remained: "There are countless comments from British officers praising the bravery, steadfastness and skill of their Portuguese comrades [the Duke of Wellington used to call them the 'fighting roosters' of his Anglo-Portuguese army and asked Portuguese troops to reinforce his army in Belgian, during the Waterloo campaign . The French who fought against them agreed. General Hugo and his son new, from experience, that the Portuguese line was capable of withstanding the attacks of the best French regiments. Later on Baron Marbot , Marshal Massena 's ADC, concurred, adding that they had not been given proper credit for the part they played in the [Peninsular War]. (...)", in Chartrand, Rene The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars vol. 3, Osprey Publishing, New York, 2001, p. 41


Note A:
"The Iberian war of 1762 is an anomaly within the Seven Years' war. Yet its less-than dramatic conduct should not overshadow its importance. As part of a larger campaign it was born of an illusion imagined by the Bourbon powers. ... These illusions... set the stage for the war's final Bourbon disaster. ( p. 429 ) ... A reported 4,000 Spanish troops died in the hospital at Bragança, and it was estimated that of the 40,000 who invaded Portugal... only 25,000 returned the following spring... Bourbon casualties mounted because the Portuguese peasantry waged a relentless war of revenge against deserters and retreating soldiers who they captured and massacred in large numbers. ( p. 452 ) The Portuguese campaign, indeed the entire Spanish war, lay in ruins." ( p. 521 )". In Danley Mark and Patrick Speelman – The Seven Years' War: Global Views , Brill, 2012, chapter 16 (pp. 429–460)
Note B:
"... with the help of a small British expeditionary force, Portugal repulsed the Spanish attack." In Dull, Jonathan- The Age of the Ship of the Line: the British and French navies, 1650–1851 . University of Nebraska Press, 2009, p. 88 .
"As for Spain, the expulsion of her troops from Portugal , the loss of Cuba and the Philippines, twelve ships and more than 100 million, made her deeply regret her involvement in the war." In Roujoux and Alfred Mainguet – Histoire d`Angleterre (in French), Vol. II, Paris, Charles Hingray, Libraire-Éditeur, 1845, p. 404
"Portugal had not accepted the invitation to join France and Spain in this alliance and the latter powers …invaded Portugal. England sent a fleet promptly to Lisbon with 8,000 soldiers who helped drive the invaders back and followed them into Spain herself... The blows she had received were staggering..." in Hart, Francis Russel – The Siege of Havana: 1762 , Houghton Mifflin, 1931, p. 52
"…the annoyance given by the peasantry, checked the progress of the Spaniards. Accordingly …the invaders retired within their own frontiers, evacuating all their conquests. This campaign constituted nearly the whole of the Spanish share of the Seven Years' War in Europe." In Busk, M. M. – The History of Spain and Portugal from B.C. 1000 to A.D. 1814 , Vol. 25, Baldwin and Cradock, Paternoster-Row, London, 1833, page 204
Note C:
Reports sent by Miguel de Arriaga (the army's secretary) to the Portuguese prime minister , during the chase of the remnants of the Franco-Spanish army: "... Yesterday and the day before, I spent passports to 45 [Spanish] deserters; and taking into consideration what they tell us, the Spanish army fell into the abyss; they talk of 7,000 deserters, 12 000 men sick in hospitals, in addition to the many who have died (letter of 27 October)... and [the number of deserters] would be higher, they say, if they were not afraid of [being killed by] our irregulars (letter of 31 October)." In SALES, Ernesto Augusto- O Conde de Lippe em Portugal , Vol 2, Publicações de Comissão de História Militar, Minerva, 1936, page 29

^ Jump up to: a b "The army was in no better shape. Only 8,000 effective [Portuguese] soldiers stood in the face of the coming Spanish onslaught. They wore 'rags and patches' and begged in the streets, as they received little or no pay from the central government." In Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Years' War: Global Views Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 2012, p. 436 Archived 11 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Between 7,000 and 8,000 Portuguese in Chagas, Pinheiro - História de Portugal , vol. VII, Lisboa, 1902, p. 40.

^ Jump up to: a b "The British troops which embarked for Lisbon under their veteran commander consisted of 7, 104 officers and men of al arms [official figures when boarding in Britain]. This force had been dispatched in consequence of the threatening attitude of France and Spain towards Portugal, whose monarch had declined to enter into an alliance with the above two powers in order to 'curb the pride of the British nation which aspired to become despotic over the sea'." In Dalton, Charles- 1714–1727 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Vol. II, 1912, p. 31 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine

^ "All told the British forces in Portugal numbered roughly 7,000 men." In Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Years' War: Global Views Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 2012, p. 440 Archived 12 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Selvagem, Carlos- Portugal Militar (in Portuguese), Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, 2006, p. 475.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Letter XLIV, from a British captain: "Lisbon, 1779... Dear brother (p. 409)... after comparing every thing, after visiting the frontiers of the two kingdoms, (as I have endeavoured to do with something of a critical eye) to me it appears that a successful invasion of Portugal from Spain, at least as circumstances at present stand, would be so exceedingly probable, or rather certain, that I find it very difficult to account for the miscarriage of their last attempt upon it in 1762 ( page 415 )... an army consisting of at least 30,000 men, with 10 or 12,000 French auxiliaries, and a large park of artillery…collected at a great expense from Catalonia and the farthest parts of the Kingdom…establishing large magazines in different parts of the frontiers…it is astonishing that with such a shadow of an army to oppose them (p. 416)...", in Costigan, Arthur W. – Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , vol. II, London, 1787, pp. 409–416.

^ Jump up to: a b c 30,000 Spaniards, according to a letter of Charles III to Count of Gazola in December of 1761 plus 10,000 French in 12 battalions who joined them on 12 June 1762. All these informations in Mourinho, António- Invasão de Trás-os-Montes e das Beiras na Guerra dos Sete Anos Pelos Exércitos Bourbónicos, em 1762, através da Correspondência Oficial (in Portuguese)..., Series II, Vol 31, Anais da Academia Portuguesa de História, Lisboa, 1986, pp. 380 and 395.

^ Selvagem, Carlos- Portugal Militar (in Portuguese), Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, Lisboa, 2006, p. 476.

^ Jump up to: a b "This operation was without doubt the greatest mobilisation of troops on mainland Spain throughout the whole eighteenth century, and the figures themselves bear witness to the government's interest in the operation…and meant leaving the rest of mainland Spain largely unguarded…by way of comparison, the battle of Almansa of 1707…involved a Spanish-French army of over 25,000 men…while the famous attack on Algiers in 1775 involved a mobilisation of little more than 19,000 infantry and cavalry men..." in Enciso, Agustín González (Spanish) – "Mobilising Resources for War: Britain and Spain at Work During the Early Modern Period" Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Eunsa, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A., Spain, 2006, p. 159 Archived 21 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine , ISBN 9788431323844 .

^ "In this offensive would participate the most distinguished of the Bourbon army, newly reformed; and, as officers, the brightest students graduated from the modern military academies established a few decades ago in Barcelona, Segovia and Madrid, following the dictates of the enlightened science of the time (…)." See «De Espanha, nem bom vento nem bom casamento». La guerra como determinante de las difíciles relaciones entre las dos Coronas Ibéricas en la Península y en América. 1640–1808 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish, pp. 29–111) in Anais de História de além-mar , Vol X, Juan Marchena Fernandez, 2009, Anais de História de além-mar, p. 71.

^ "A Campaign won without the major casualties of battle or incurring many losses other than those of sickness." In Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , vol. 59, London, 1981, p. 25 Archived 8 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine

^ Jump up to: a b "British casualties were light overall – there were fourteen combat deaths compared to 804 from other means..." In Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Years' War: Global Views Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 2012, p. 448 Archived 29 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine

^ Eduard Hay, British ambassador in Portugal (letter to the 2nd Earl of Egremont , 8 November 1762) reported a total of 30,000 Franco-Spanish casualties during the first two invasions of Portugal (half of them deserters, many of whom became prisoners), representing almost three-quarters of the initial invading army. See British Scholar C. R. Boxer in Descriptive List of the State Papers Portugal, 1661–1780, in the Public Record Office, London: 1724–1765 Archived 6 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine , Vol II, Lisbon, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, with the collaboration of the British Academy and the P.R.O., 1979, p. 415. See also COSTA, Fernando Dores- Nova História Militar de Portugal Archived 20 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine , Círculo de Leitores, Vol. II, Coordinator: António Hespanha, 2004, p. 358, footnote 280.

^ Jump up to: a b "Disappointed, facing incredible resistance and losing everything in the field, the Spaniards abandoned the fight and left behind twenty-five thousand men ..." In Henry, Isabelle – Dumouriez: Général de la Révolution (1739–1823) Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine , L'Harmattan, Paris, 2002, p. 87 Archived 8 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Corroborated by two sources close to the Spanish crown: both the Austrian ambassador, Count of Rosenberg, and the Secretary of the Danish embassy, Federico de Goessel, sent independent reports to their governments estimating that - excluding the prisoners and deserters (which were not included in this number) - Spain had suffered 12,0000 death in the war against Portugal. The death toll of the French has not been estimated. See Count of Rosenberg to Kaunitz , Escorial , letter of November 18, 1762, and Goessel to Bernstorff , Madrid, letter of January 3, 1763. Cited by Olaechea, Rafael- Contribución al estúdio del «Motín contra Esquilache» (1766) Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , in Tiempos Modernos 8 (2003), p. 9, footnote nr. 40.

^ In Morell, Thomas – Studies in History , vol. II, London, 1821, p. 373 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine .

^ "Boscawen had defeated the French fleet off the Portuguese coast. The French commander took refuge in Lagos after losing five of his ships on the coast of the Algarve. The French at once began to demand satisfaction, and Pitt sent Lord Kinnoull on a special mission to Lisbon to offer apologies." In Livermore, H. V. – A New History of Portugal Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Cambridge University Press, London, 1969, p. 234 .

^ José Hermano Saraiva (coordinator) – História de Portugal , vol. VI, Quidnovi, 2004, p. 63.

^ "France's Foreign Minister, the Duc de Choiseul, had pressured Charles III of Spain to declare war against Britain, even as he was beginning secret negotiations with London to end the fighting". In York, Neil Longley – Turning the World Upside Down: The War of American Independence and the Problem of Empire , Praeger, London, 2003, p. 33.

^ "Spanish invasion of Portugal, an effort to block the British in Europe, also resulted in defeat for Spain." In Altagracia Ortiz – Eighteenth Century Reforms in the Caribbean Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1983.
p. 216 , footnote 16.

^ Stein, Stanley and Stein, Barbara – Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789 " "English naval forces intercepted official correspondence" - Pesquisa Google" . Archived from the original on 14 August 2021 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) , Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, chapter The Trauma of Havana, 1762–1765 .

^ Pack, S. W. – Sea Power in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Struggle for sea power in the Mediterranean from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day , Arthur Barker Limited, 1971, p. 68 Archived 21 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine .

^ In Carnota, John Smith A. – The Marquis of Pombal Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 2nd edition, Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London, 1871. p. 187 .

^ Carvalhosa, Manuel F. Barros (Viscount of Santarém) – Quadro Elementar das Relações Políticas e Diplomáticas de Portugal , Tome VI, Paris, 1850, p. XVI.

^ "One of the main aims of the two great Bourbon powers, in the making of the Family Compact, had been to attack Portugal, in order either to compel England to send a large part of its troops to that country, or to take possession of it…"; in Philippson, Martin – The Age of Frederick the Great Archived 19 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine , vol. XV, Lea Brothers and & company, Philadelphia, 1905, p. 103. Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine

^ Livermore, H. V. – A New History of Portugal , Cambridge University Press, London, 1966, p. 232 .

^ Clark, Edward – Letters concerning the Spanish nation Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , London, 1763, p.353 .

^ Livermore, H. V. – A History of Portugal Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Cambridge University Press, London, 1947, p. 359 Archived 6 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine .

^ According to Dumouriez in An Account of Portugal, as it Appeared in 1766 to Dumouriez , Lausanne (1775), and London (1797), p. 103.

^ According to Dumouriez in An Account of Portugal, as it Appeared in 1766 to Dumouriez Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine , Lausanne (1775), and London (1797), p. 244 Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Azevedo, J. Lúcio de – O Marquês de Pombal e a sua época , 2nd edition, Annuário do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, p. 237 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine .

^ In Dellon, Gabriel (and other authors)– Portugal nos Séculos Dezassete e Dezoito: Quatro Testemunhos Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Lisóptima Edições, 1989, p. 157 . (in Portuguese).

^ Shaw, L. M. – The Anglo-Portuguese alliance and the English merchants in Portugal, 1654–1810 , Ashgate, 1998, p. 193 " "free her from 'the heavy shackles of Britannic dominion'. " - Pesquisa Google" . Archived from the original on 14 August 2021 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) .

^ Jump up to: a b Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Years' War: Global Views Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 2012, p. 438 Archived 30 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine .

^ "The Province was absolutely defenceless without soldiers, arms, powder, ball or provisions, and it was impossible to paint the scandalous conditions of the defences." In Francis, Alan David – Portugal 1715–1808 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Tamesis Books Limited, London, 1985, p.150 Archived 13 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Dumouriez , Charles – An Account of Portugal, as it Appeared in 1766 to Dumouriez , Lausanne (1775), and London (1797), p. 249 Archived 30 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Francis, Alan David, Portugal 1715–1808 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 1985, p. 150 .

^ Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark- The Seven Years' War: Global Views Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 2012, p. 439 .

^ Maxwell, Kenneth – Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment Archived 6 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine , University Press, Cambridge, 1995, p. 113 Archived 5 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Martin, Benjamin – Miscellaneous Correspondence Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , vol. IV, London, 1764, p. 904 .

^ Jump up to: a b See Dumouriez , Charles – An Account of Portugal, as it Appeared in 1766 to Dumouriez Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Lausanne (1775), and London (1797), p. 18 .

^ Lafuente, Modesto – Historia General de España Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , tome XX, third part, 8th book, Madrid, 1858, p. 55 .

^ Monteiro, Nuno Gonçalo – D. José: na sombra de Pombal , Temas e Debates, 2008, p. 198 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Jump up to: a b Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Years' War: Global Views Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine , 2012, p. 439 .

^ * The British Chronologift Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine : "Battle, at the river Douro, when the Portuguese defeated the Spaniards, May 25, 1762". London, 1789, Index to vol.III (1748–1762), p. 482 .
Green, William – Chronological History of the Reign of George the Third Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Fun à la piscine
maintenue au bord de l'extase
Salopes vintage en action