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A typical air gun study will go off every 9 to 12 seconds. They go back and forth, back and forth, over substantial areas of the ocean, like cutting the yard and they do this for weeks and months at a time. This produces a pressure that basically creates bubbles that expand and contract, creating a tremendous quantity of acoustic energy, a great deal of which goes downward and reflects off of geological structures.
Sound produced from Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean in a 1990s experiment was gotten as far away as the northern and southern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. NOAA How loud are these air gun bursts? nature documentary is 6 or seven orders of magnitude louder than the loudest ship noises.
I can hear the explosions from surveys off Ireland, I can hear them happening in Nova Scotia. So envision that every 10 seconds there is a surge that is rattling granny's china out of the cupboard and it is falling on the flooring. One summer, some years back there were between 20 and 30 surveys going on at the same time in the North Atlantic.
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The energy from all these surges fills the oceans with sound. It becomes simply one huge storm of sound. You have studied the effect of anthropogenic sound on whales. Why are they an unique issue? On a great day, whales can barely see their tails 60 feet away in turbid waters.
Whales see the ocean through noise. So their mind's eye is their mind's ear. You are handling animals that are highly acoustically oriented. Their awareness and sense of self is based on sound, not sight. Lots of whale feeding premises and migratory routes happen along shallow shorelines, which are now some of the noisiest, most greatly affected habitats.
If whales can't speak with other whales that have discovered a really good spot of food, they lose chances to feed. 'Whales were trying to conceal behind rocks to get away in a sound shadow when seismic surveys were being performed along the California coast.' Are there real behavioral changes that you have observed when whales are exposed to high levels of sound? At initially, their calling rate may increase a bit as you and I might do when we scream in a loud space in order to be heard.