社会学博士资格考试书单分享Part 3：政治经济学
FromPart 1：【政治社会学】
Part 2：【发展社会学】
【政治经济学】
这一个领域我的指导老师是Dylan Riley。「政治经济学」其实并不在我系资格考可选领域的列表里，之所以会出现这么一个选项，完全是Dylan天马行空拍脑袋的结果（我一开始是想跟Dylan考比较历史社会学）。其实，不管是Dylan还是我（以及另外一个和我一起备考的同学），都不知道「政治经济学」究竟指的是什么。我们只是想以「政治经济学」的名义，读一读我们共同想读的东西而已。所以这个书单非常随性，和作为一门学科指称的「政治经济学」关系不大。但虽然随性，却应该也不算散乱，因为毕竟有强烈的问题意识在。
这个书单基本上老师和学生的想法一半一半，Dylan列上去他想读/讨论的东西，然后我和同学列上我们想读的东西。我觉得最有收获的一点是，这个书单等于是Dylan和我们一起读下来的（当然对于Dylan来说很多内容属于多年后重读）。老师和学生一起读书、一起讨论，真的是非常美妙的体验。
0. Basics
Marx, Karl. 1868. Capital, Volume 1.
先把资本论第一卷重读一遍，作为一切讨论的基础......
I. The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism
Allen, Robert. 2000. “Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300-1800”, European Review of Economic History 3, pp. 1-25.
Arrighi, Giovanni. 1994. The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power and the Origins of Our Times. Verso.
Ashton, T.H., and C.H.E. Philpin (eds). 1987. The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-industrial Europe. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 10–78 and 213–327.
Brenner, Robert. 2007. “Property and Progress: Where Adam Smith Went Wrong”, in Chris Wickham ed. Marxist History-Writing for the Twenty-First Century, pp. 49-111.
Dobb, Maurice. 1946. Studies in the Development of Capitalism.
Katz, Claudio. 1989. “Chapter 4: From Feudalism to Capitalism: the Role of Merchant Capital”, pp. 85-124, in From Feudalism to Capitalism, (Greenwood Press).
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2011. The Modern World-System, Volume 1. University of California Press. [And Robert Brenner’s critique titled “The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism” in New Left Review.]
Wood, Ellen Meiksins. 1999. The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. Verso.
这一部分围绕马克思主义史学界的一个经典论题展开：西欧从封建主义向资本主义的过渡，其主要推力究竟是农村阶级关系的剧烈变动，还是城市商业繁荣的结果？换句话说，促成这一过渡的是地主/佃农，还是商人？当然，这个问题的答案，也取决于我们究竟怎么定义「资本主义」。Brenner和沃勒斯坦对资本主义的定义实际上截然不同，在资本主义起源问题上的答案自然也是大相径庭。
II. Dynamics of Capitalist Development
Berle, Adolf, and Gardiner Means. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. Routledge.
Block, Fred. 1977. “The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State.” Socialist Revolution 33: 6–28.
Brenner, Robert. 1998. The Economics of Global Turbulence. Verso.
Chandler, Alfred. 1977. The Visible Hand. Harvard University Press.
Harvey, David. 2006 [1982]. The Limits to Capital. Verso.
Hayek, Frederick. 1944. Road to Serfdom.
Kalecki, Michael. 1943. “Political Aspects of Full Employment.” Political Quarterly. 1-9
Miliband, Ralph. 1969. The State in Capitalist Society. New York: Basic Books.
Miliband, Ralph. 1970. "The Capitalist State: Reply to Nicos Poulantzas." New Left Review. 59: 53–60.
O’Connor, James. 1974. The Fiscal Crisis of the State. Transaction Publishers.
Offe, Claus. 1974. “Structural Problems of the Capitalist State”, in German Political Studies.
Parkin, Frank. 1979. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. Columbia University Press.
Piketty, Thomas. 2013. Capital in the 21st Century. Harvard University Press. Selections
Poulantzas, Nicos. 1969. "The Problem of the Capitalist State." New Left Review. 58: 67–78.
Poulantzas, Nicos. 1970. Political Power and Social Classes. Verso.
Przeworski, Adam. 1985. Capitalism and Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1947. Socialism, Capitalism, and Democracy.
Shaikh, Anwar. 2016. Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crisis. Oxford University Press. Selections
Sweezy, Paul, and Paul Baran. 1966. Monopoly Capital. Monthly Review Press.
Therborn, Göran. 2008 [1978]. What Does the Ruling Class Do When It Rules? London: Verso.
Wright, Erik Olin. 1985. Class, Crisis, and the State. Verso.
这一部分看起来非常散乱，但关心的方向很统一：资本主义是如何发展的？大致上，这部分涵盖的问题有这么几个：1）自由资本主义终结以后资本主义的新发展：大型集团企业的崛起（Chandler），所有权与管理权的分离（Berle and Means），关于垄断资本的辩论（Sweezy and Baran；Shaikh）；2）资本主义危机理论（Brenner；Harvey；Wright）；3）凯恩斯主义模式的内在悖论（Kalecki；O'Connor；Piketty）；4）资本主义中的国家问题（这一部分和【政治社会学】书单的第三部分有大量重叠）；5）来自右翼的对资本主义可持续性的讨论（Hayek；Schumpeter）。
最后单独说一下Frank Parkin这本书，其实有点乱入，不属于以上任何一个问题意识，是在理论层面对马克思主义核心概念框架的批判，但真的好精彩啊。
III. Comparative Capitalism
Amsden, Alice. 1990. “Third World Industrialization: ‘Global Fordism’ or a New Model.” New Left Review 182.
Botwinick, Howard. 2017. Persistent Inequalities: Wage Disparity under Capitalist Competition. Haymarket Books.
Braverman, Harry. 1998 [1974]. Labor and Monopoly Capital. Monthly Review Press.
Burawoy, Michael. 1985. The Politics of Production. Verso.
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Enzo Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chang, Ha-Joon. 2002. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press.
Chibber, Vivek. 2003. Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India. Princeton University Press.
Esping-Anderson, Gosta. 1990. Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton University Press.
Evans, Peter. 1995. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton University Press.
Hung, Ho-Fung. 2015. The China Boom: Why China Will Not Rule the World. Columbia University Press.
Lee, Ching Kwan. 2018. The Spectre of Global China: Politics, Labor and Foreign Investment in Africa. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
这一部分的问题意识主要有两方面：一是资本主义下的劳动形态与薪资水平（Botwinick；Braverman；Burawoy），二是从比较的视角看不同资本主义形态下的经济发展模式。其中后者的内容和【发展社会学】书单有大量重合。不过在这个书单里面，实际上是以另外一种视角和理论脉络去阅读和讨论这些著作的。这也是读书过程中最有趣的地方之一吧，带着不同的问题去读同一本书，可以读出不同的滋味。
VI. Imperialism
Arrighi, Giovanni, and Beverly J. Silver. 1999. Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System. University of Minnesota Press.
Brown, Michael Barrett. 1970. After Imperialism. Humanities Press.
Harvey, David. 2003. The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich. 1917. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism.
Luxemburg, Rosa. 1913. The Accumulation of Capital: A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism.
Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin. 2005. “Superintending Global Capital.” New Left Review, 23.
Panitch, Leo. 2000. “The New Imperial State.” New Left Review 16.
Rodney, Walter. 2018 [1972]. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Verso.
Schumpeter, Joseph. 2011. Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays by Joseph Schumpeter.
这部分关注所谓「资本主义的最高阶段」——帝国主义。不过读来读去，最后的感受实在是颇为崩溃：关于如何使用「帝国主义」这一概念去理解资本主义全球政经体系，我们今天能给出的答案其实并没有在卢森堡和列宁的基础上有什么提升。这到底是后世学者的问题，还是「帝国主义」这个概念的问题？
卢森堡的《资本积累论》，是我整个书单里面印象最深刻的阅读体验。读的时候真得要抓狂——不知道是卢森堡没写清楚还是我太笨——而在尝试还原卢森堡的论证过程时，也觉得其中漏洞颇多。但奇怪的是，过了一段时间之后，那些论点开始非常强势地在你脑子里扎下根来，越回味越觉得有美感，越回味越觉得震撼，感觉其中有无穷的理论挖掘潜力。也许卢森堡的写作和论证做不到严丝合缝，但她的思想给人以无穷的启发性。真是伟大的思想家。
V. Socialist Pasts and Futures? Political Strategy for the Contemporary World
Anderson, Perry. 1965. “Problems of Socialist Strategy.” Pp. 221–290 in Towards Socialism. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Andreas, Joel. 2019. Disenfranchised: The Rise and Fall of Industrial Citizenship in China. Oxford University Press.
Bernstein, Eduard. 2010. The Preconditions of Socialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brenner, Robert. 1985. “The Paradox of Social Democracy: The American Case.” Pp. 32–85 in The Year Left: An American Socialist Yearbook. London: Verso.
Brus, Wlodzimierz, and Kazimierz Laski. 1989. From Marx to the Market. Oxford University Press.
Burawoy, Michael, and Janos Lukacs. 1994. The Radiant Past: Ideology and Reality in Hungary’s Road to Capitalism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Claudín, Fernando. 1977. “Democracy and Dictatorship in Lenin and Kautsky.” New Left Review 106: 59–78.
Devine, Pat. 2010 [1988]. Democracy and Economic Planning. Polity Press.
Dilas, Milovan. 1983 [1957]. The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections From the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers. "The Modern Prince" and "State and Civil Society".
Hayek, Frederick. 1988. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. The University of Chicago Press.
Kautsky, Karl. 1996. The Road to Power: Political Reflections on Growing into the Revolution. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press.
Kautsky, Karl. 1964. The Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Konrad, Gyorgy, and Ivan Szelenyi. 1978. The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power: A Sociological Study of the Role of the Intelligentsia in Socialism. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich. 1975. The Lenin Anthology. New York: Norton and Company. "What Is To Be Done", "The State and Revolution", and "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky".
Luxemburg, Rosa. 2004. The Rosa Luxemburg Reader. New York: Monthly Review Press. "Reform or Revolution", "The Mass Strike", "Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy", and "The Russian Revolution".
Marx, Karl. 1996. Later Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The Civil War in France” and “The Critique of the Gotha Program”.
Miliband, Ralph. 2009. Parliamentary Socialism: A Study in the Politics of Labour. Merlin.
Poulantzas, Nicos. 2014 [1978]. State, Power, and Socialism. Verso. [Chapter on Democratic Socialism]
Trotsky, Leon. 2007. Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky. London: Verso.
Wright, Erik Olin. 2010. Envisioning Real Utopias. London: Verso.
又是一个看起来非常散乱的部分。但其实问题意识是很清楚的——在讨论完资本主义之后，我们更要问：什么是社会主义？如何实现社会主义？细分起来，大概涵盖了如下内容：1）19世纪末20世纪初社会主义运动内部对「什么是社会主义」和「如何实现社会主义」的讨论（马克思、考茨基、伯恩施坦、卢森堡、列宁、托洛茨基、葛兰西）；2）二战后发达资本主义国家语境下对社会主义策略的讨论（Anderson、Brenner、Miliband、Poulantzas、Wright）；3）对20世纪官僚社会主义模式的批判、反思和试图对其进行改革的努力（安舟、Burawoy and Lukacs对社会主义模式下工人阶级的讨论；Dilas、Konrad and Szelenyi的「新阶级」理论；Brus and Laski、Devine关于「市场社会主义」的辩论）。最后加上哈耶克对社会主义之不可能性的论述，这个涵义也是显然的。
其实到了这里，这个书单已经非常不像一个博士资格考试的书单了，而更像是DSA某个读书会的书单——它的关怀几乎纯粹是政治的而非学术的。像Brus and Laski、Devine关于「how to make socialism work」的讨论，在当代社会学里是不会有人关心的。其实通篇来看，这个书单的问题意识整体上就是政治导向的：资本主义从何而来？如何发展？有什么内在矛盾？如何超越它？我很庆幸能有这么一个机会，以学术的名义，花了如此多的时间，去进行政治导向的系统阅读。这样更能时时提醒自己，做学术究竟是为了什么。
最后，我要再表达一次对卢森堡的崇敬。在读她的著作的时候，我受到的触动是非常大的——这种触动既不是政治层面，也不是学术层面的，而是个人生命体验层面的。卢森堡的一生，同时嵌入在德国和俄国这两个发展阶段、政治情势非常不同的国家的社会主义运动中。她穿梭在不同的语境之间，努力试图将两边的经验相互勾连、转译，使真正意义上的社会主义国际主义得以可能。这对于游走在语境差异甚大的中美两国的运动边缘的我来说，实在是太能引起共鸣了。也许我和我的同伴们也将花一生的时间，去寻找她提出的那个问题在我们这个时代的答案。