Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.orgFor the marketing term, see Price markdown.
Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax. It is designed so that it can be converted to HTML and many other formats using a tool by the same name.[8] Markdown is often used to format readme files, for writing messages in online discussion forums, and to create rich text using a plain text editor. As the initial description of Markdown contained ambiguities and unanswered questions, many implementations and extensions of Markdown appeared over the years to answer these issues.
Contents
History
John Gruber created the Markdown language in 2004 in collaboration with Aaron Swartz on the syntax,[3][4] with the goal of enabling people "to write using an easy-to-read, easy-to-write plain text format, and optionally convert it to structurally valid XHTML (or HTML)".[5]
The key design goal is readability – that the language be readable as-is, without looking like it has been marked up with tags or formatting instructions,[9] unlike text formatted with a markup language, such as Rich Text Format (RTF) or HTML, which have obvious tags and formatting instructions. To this end, its main inspiration is the existing conventions for marking up plain text in email, though it also draws from earlier markup languages, notably setext, Textile, and reStructuredText.[citation needed]
Gruber wrote a Perl script, Markdown.pl, which converts marked-up text input to valid, well-formed XHTML or HTML and replaces left-pointing angle brackets '<' and ampersands '&' with their corresponding character entity references. It can be used as a standalone script, as a plugin for Blosxom or Movable Type, or as a text filter for BBEdit.[5]
Markdown has since been re-implemented by others as a Perl module available on CPAN (Text::Markdown), and in a variety of other programming languages.[10] It is distributed under a BSD-style license and is included with, or available as a plugin for, several content-management systems.[7][11][12]
Sites such as GitHub, Bitbucket, Reddit, Diaspora, Stack Exchange, OpenStreetMap, and SourceForge use variants of Markdown to facilitate discussion between users.[13][14][15][16]
Standardization
While Markdown does not have a technical standard, John Gruber continues to host the clearly defined base Markdown syntax. Over time, many Markdown implementations have popped up which define a superset of features on top of this base syntax, such as tables, footnotes, definition lists, and Markdown inside HTML blocks. Among these are Markdown Extra, MultiMarkdown, and the Pandoc Markdown extension.[17]
Babelmark[18] are tools available to "[compare] the output of various implementations" to "promote discussion of how and whether certain vague aspects of the markdown spec should be clarified."[19] Gruber has argued that complete standardization would be mistaken: "Different sites (and people) have different needs. No one syntax would make all happy."[20]
In March 2016 RFC 7763 and RFC 7764 were published. RFC 7763 introduced MIME type text/markdown with the original variant. RFC 7764 discusses and registered the variants MultiMarkdown, GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM), Pandoc, CommonMark, and Markdown Extra among others.[21]
CommonMark
From 2012, a group of people including Jeff Atwood and John MacFarlane launched what Atwood characterized as a standardization effort.[24] A community website now aims to "document various tools and resources available to document authors and developers, as well as implementors of the various markdown implementations".[25] In September 2014, Gruber objected to the usage of "Markdown" in the name of this effort and it was rebranded as a new dialect named CommonMark.[26][27] CommonMark.org published several versions of a specification, reference implementation, and test suite, and "[plans] to announce a finalized 1.0 spec and test suite in 2017."[28]
GFM
In 2017, GitHub released a formal specification of their GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM) that is based on CommonMark.[29] It follows the CommonMark specification exactly except for tables, strikethrough, autolinks and task lists, which the GitHub spec has added as extensions[30]. GitHub also changed the parser used on their sites accordingly, which required some documents to be changed, e.g. a space after the hash signs of a heading is now required.
Markdown Extra
Markdown Extra is a lightweight markup language based on Markdown implemented in PHP (originally), Python and Ruby. It adds features not available with plain Markdown syntax. Markdown Extra is supported in content management systems, for example Drupal,[31] TYPO3[32] and MediaWiki.[33]
It adds the following features to Markdown:
- Markdown inside HTML blocks
- Elements with id/class attribute
- Fenced code blocks
- Tables[34]
- Definition lists
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
Example
Text using Markdown syntax Corresponding HTML produced by a Markdown processor Text viewed in a browser
Heading ======= ## Sub-heading Paragraphs are separated by a blank line. Two spaces at the end of a line produces a line break. Text attributes _italic_, **bold**, `monospace`. Horizontal rule: --- Bullet list: * apples * oranges * pears Numbered list: 1. wash 2. rinse 3. repeat A [link](http://example.com).  > Markdown uses email-style > characters for blockquoting. Inline <abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> is supported. <h1>Heading</h1> <h2>Sub-heading</h2> <p>Paragraphs are separated by a blank line.</p> <p>Two spaces at the end of a line<br /> produces a line break.</p> <p>Text attributes <em>italic</em>, <strong>bold</strong>, <code>monospace</code>.</p> <p>Horizontal rule:</p> <hr /> <p>Bullet list:</p> <ul> <li>apples</li> <li>oranges</li> <li>pears</li> </ul> <p>Numbered list:</p> <ol> <li>wash</li> <li>rinse</li> <li>repeat</li> </ol> <p>A <a href="http://example.com">link</a>.</p> <p><img alt="Image" src="Image_icon.png" /></p> <blockquote> <p>Markdown uses email-style > characters for blockquoting.</p> </blockquote> <p>Inline <abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> is supported.</p>
‹The
Fake heading is being
considered for deletion.› Heading
‹The
Fake heading is being
considered for deletion.› Sub-heading
Paragraphs are separated by a blank line.
Two spaces at the end of a line
produces a line break.
Text attributes italic, bold, monospace.
Horizontal rule:
Bullet list:
- apples
- oranges
- pears
Numbered list:
- wash
- rinse
- repeat
A link.
Markdown uses email-style > characters for blockquoting.
Inline HTML is supported.
Implementations
Implementations of Markdown are available for over a dozen programming languages; in addition, many platforms and frameworks support Markdown.[35] For example, Markdown plugins exist for every major blogging platform.[36]
While Markdown is a minimal markup language and is read and edited with a normal text editor, there are specially designed editors that preview the files with styles, which are available for all major platforms. Many general purpose text and code editors have syntax highlighting plugins for Markdown built into them or available as optional download. Editors may feature a side-by-side preview window or render the code directly in a WYSIWYG fashion.
- The sourcecode documentation generator Doxygen supports Markdown with extra features.[37]
- RStudio, an IDE for R provides a C++ wrapper function for a markdown variant called sundown.[38]
- GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM) ignores underscores in words, and adds syntax highlighting, task lists,[39] and tables.[40]
- Discount - a C implementation.[41][42]
- MarkAPL is a converter written in Dyalog APL. It supports fenced blocks, smart typography, link references, and special attributes, and can generate a table of contents.[43]
- PHP Markdown - a library package that includes the PHP Markdown parser and its sibling PHP Markdown Extra with additional features.[44]
- Markdig - A .NET library which follows the CommonMark specifications, and has a collection of extensions with the ability for the user to create their own.
See also
References
Source en.wikipedia.org