What is vitamin D? What are the vitamin D requirements? What does vitamin D do for your health? What are symptoms and signs of vitamin D deficiency?What are symptoms and signs of vitamin D deficiency? What causes a vitamin D deficiency? What causes a vitamin D deficiency? Who is at risk for vitamin D deficiency? How is a vitamin D deficiency diagnosed? What is the treatment for a vitamin D deficiency? Is it possible to prevent vitamin D deficiency? What are symptoms and signs of an excessive vitamin D intake (Daily Limits Chart)? Amazing Vitamin D Slideshow Pictures Take the Vitamins and Supplements Quiz! Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? There are currently two sets of guidelines for vitamin D intake. Typically, vitamin guidelines are established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the form of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) or adequate intakes (AI). The RDA is the average daily intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy individuals.
The Endocrine Society put together a task force to review the research and come up with a set of guidelines for "people who are at risk for deficiency." The two recommendations are as follows: Allan, G.M., et al. "Vitamin D: A Narrative Review Examining the Evidence for Ten Beliefs." J Gen Intern Med Mar. 7, 2016. Anglin, R.E. "Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis." Br J Psychiatry 202 Feb. 2013: 100-7. Bouillon, R., et al. "Optimal vitamin D status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine." J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98.8 Aug. 2013: E1283-304. Brown, Susan E. "New IOM Vitamin D Recommendations - Baby Steps and Missteps." Çizmecioğlu, F.M., et al. "Hypovitaminosis D in obese and overweight schoolchildren." J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 1.2 (2008): 89-96. Gallagher, J.C., et al. "Vitamin D supplementation in young White and African American women." J Bone Miner Res 29.1 Jan. 2014: 173-81. Ginde, A.A. "Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the U.S. population, 1988-2004."
Med 169.6 Mar. 2009: 626-32. Grant, W.B. "Vitamin D: Its role in disease prevention." Dermatoendocrinol 4.2 Apr. 2012: 81-3. Gunta, S.S. "The effect of vitamin D status on risk factors for cardiovascular disease." Nat Rev Nephrol 10 Apr. 2013. Heaney, R.P. "Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient." Miner Res 26.3 Mar. 2011: 455-7. Holick, M.F. "Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline." J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96.7 July 2011: 1911–1930. Hujoel, P.P. "Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: systematic review and meta-analysis." Nutr Rev 71.2 Feb. 2013: 88-97. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D." Jesus, C.A., et al. "The role of vitamin D in pathophysiology and treatment of fibromyalgia." Curr Pain Headache Rep 17.8 Aug. 2013: 355. Jorde, R. "Supplementation with High Doses of Vitamin D to Subjects without Vitamin D Deficiency May Have Negative Effects: Pooled Data from Four Intervention Trials in Tromsø."
ISRN Endocrinol 348705 Mar. 2013. Konradsen, S. "Serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D is inversely associated with body mass index." Eur J Nutr 47 (2008): 87-91. Lapid, M.I. "Vitamin D and depression in geriatric primary care patients." Clin Interv Aging 8 May 2013: 509-14. L.L. "Moderate vitamin D deficiency is associated with changes in knee and hip pain in older adults: a 5-year longitudinal study." Ann Rheum Dis Apr. 2013. [Epub ahead of print] Lee, Y.H., and S.C. Bae. "Vitamin D level in rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with the disease activity: a meta-analysis." Clin Exp Rheumatol Apr. 6, 2016. Maddock, J., et al. "Vitamin D and common mental disorders in mid-life: Cross-sectional and prospective findings." Clin Nutr 32.5 Oct. 2013: 758-764. McCarty, D.E. "Nonspecific pain is a marker for hypovitaminosis D in patients undergoing evaluation for sleep disorders: a pilot study." 5 Mar. 2013: 37-42. Nair, R. "Vitamin D: The 'sunshine' vitamin."
J Pharmacol Pharmacother 3.2 Apr. 2012: Peterson, L.A., et al. "Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after bariatric surgery: a comprehensive literature review." Surg Obes Relat Dis Jan. 6, 2016. Reichrath, J. "Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis versus skin cancer development: The Janus faces of solar UV-radiation." Dermatoendocrinol 1.5 Sept. 2009: 253-61. J. "The challenge resulting from positive and negative effects of sunlight: how much solar UV exposure is appropriate to balance between risks of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer?" Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92.1 Sept. 2006: 9-16. Sadeghian, M., et al. "Vitamin D status in relation to Crohn’s disease: Meta-analysis of observational studies." Nutrition 32.5 May 2016: 505-514. Sanders, K., et al. "Annual High-Dose Oral Vitamin D and Falls and Fractures in Older Women." JAMA 303.18 May 12, 2010: 1815-1822. Spedding, S. "Vitamin D and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Studies with and without Biological Flaws."
Nutrients 6.4 Apr. 11, 2014: 1501-1518.Office of Dietary Supplements. National Institutes of Health. Vanlint, S. "Vitamin D and obesity." Nutrients 5.3 Mar. 2013: 949-56. Vieth, R. "Vitamin D toxicity, policy, and science." J Bone Miner Res 22.2 Dec. 2007: Wakayo, T., et al. "Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Overweight and/or Obesity among Schoolchildren in Central Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 8.4 Apr. 1, 2016. Webb, A.R. "Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis." Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92.1 Sept. 2006: 17-25. Whiting, S.J., et al. "Moderate Amounts of Vitamin D3 in Supplements are Effective in Raising Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D from Low Baseline Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 7.4 Apr. 1, 2015: 2311-2323. Wortsman, J. "Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity." Am J Clin Nutr 72 (2000): 690–3. Yamshchikov, A.V. "Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials."