Великие по собственному выбору

32. Morgan Stanley & Co. and Hambrecht & Quist, “Prospectus: Apple Computer, Inc., Common Stock,” Apple Inc., December 12,1980; John Eckhouse, “It’s Final – Apple Chairman Resigns,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 20, 1985; G. Pascal Zachary, “Apple Plans Cutbacks as its Profits Sour,” Wall Street Journal, January 19, 1990, Bl; Don Clark, “Apple’s Gassee Confirms Resignation,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 3, 1990, B2; Richard Brandt, “Information Processing: The Toughest Job in the Computer Business – Michael Spindler Tripled Apple Sales in Europe. Will his Magic Work in America?” Business Week, March 19, 1990, 118; Barbara Buell, “Apple: New Team, New Strategy,” Business Week, October 15, 1990, 86; Bill Richards, Michael Gibbs, and Michael Beer, “Apple Computer (D): Epilogue,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–492–013 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1991), 3; “Apple Finance Chief Quits After Pushing for a Merger,” Wall Street Journal, October 5, 1995, Bl; Peter Burrows, “Almost Down to the Core? Apple is Facing a Disturbing Management Exodus,” Business Week,November 20, 1995; Kathy Rebello, “The Fall of an American Icon,” Business Week, February 5, 1996; Jim Carlton and Lee Gomes, “Apple Computer Chief Amelio is Ousted,” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 1997, A3; Jim Carlton, “Apple Names Steve Jobs Interim CEO,” Wall Street Journal, September 17, 1997, A3; Apple Inc., Fiscal 2002 10-K (Cupertino, CA: Apple Inc., 2002).

33. James D. Berkley and Nitin Nohria, “Amgen Inc.: Planning the Unplannable,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–492–052 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1992), 11; Amy Tsao, “Amgen: Will Bigger be Better?” Business Week, January 2, 2002; David Stipp, “Biotech’s New Colossus: Move Over, Big Pharma. Amgen Boasts Better Growth,” Fortune, April 15, 2002; Frank DiLorenzo, “For Amgen, a Very Healthy Prognosis,” Business Week, August 10, 2004; Amgen Inc., Fiscal 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000–2002 Annual Reports (Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen Inc, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000–2002).

34. См. ниже обсуждение случая Genentech.
35. Geoffrey Smith, “Pay that was Justified-And Pay that Just Mystified,” Business Week, May 6, 1991, 92; Michael Brush, “Millions in the Bank, if They Don’t Stumble,” New York Times, March 3, 1997, 3.6; “Dane Miller-Biomet Inc (BMET): CEO Interview,” Wall Street Transcript, July 15, 2002; Biomet Inc., Fiscal 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002 Annual Reports (Warsaw, IN: Biomet Inc., 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002).
68

M. L. Mead: Scott & Stringfellow Inc., “Kirschner Medical Corporation – Company Report,” The Investext Group, February 17, 1989; J. H. Berg: J. C. Bradford & Co., “Kirschner Medical Corporation-Company Report,” The Investext Group, May 19, 1989, 1; Stan Hinden, “Kirschner Medical to Sell Surgical Lighting Division,” Washington Post, April 3, 1990, D01; Jason Zweig, “The Bone Doctor’s Plan,” Forbes, January 20, 1992, 92; Jessica Hall, “Torn between Two Bidders: Kirschner’s Enviable Dilemma,” Warfield’s Business Record, July 1, 1994, 3; Jessica Hall, “Kirschner Accepts Deal with Orthopedics Giant to End Seven-Week Bidding War,” Warfield’s Business Record, July 22, 1994, 1129. См. ниже обсуждение случая AMD.

69

Mary Jo Waits, et al., Beat the Odds (Tempe and Phoenix, AZ: Morrison Institute for Public Policy and Center for the Future of Arizona, 2006); Beat the Odds Institute, http://www.beattheoddsinstitute.org/overview/index.php.
70

Mary Jo Waits, et al., Beat the Odds (Tempe and Phoenix, AZ: Morrison Institute for Public Policy and Center for the Future of Arizona, 2006), 16, 25, 29, 36, 43; Arizona Indicators: A Program Managed by Morrison Institute for Public Policy, http://arizonaindicators.org/education.
71

Louise Kehoe, “How Immodesty Becomes a Silicon Valley Resident,” Financial Times, January 30, 1984, 10; “Advanced-Micro: Goal is to be No. 1 U. S. Integrated Circuit Producer by 1990,” Business Wire, September 11, 1984; Peter Dworkin, “Silicon Valley’s Vale of Tears,” U. S. News & World Report, March 2, 1987, 47; Jeffrey L. Rodengen, The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 1998), 82–83; Moody’s Investors Service and Mergent FIS Inc., 1973–1986 Moody’s OTC Industrial Manual (New York: Moody’s Investors Service, 1973–86). Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Fiscal 1987 Annual Report (Sunnyvale, CA: Advanced Micro Devices, 1987).

72

Peter Dworkin, “Silicon Valley’s Vale of Tears,” U. S. News 6 World Report, March 2, 1987, 47; Dale Wettlaufer, “Interview with Vladi Catto,” Motley Fool, June 21, 1996; Douglas A. Irwin, “Trade Policies and the Semiconductor Industry,” National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1996, 27; Moody’s Investors Service and Mergent FIS Inc., 1973–1986 Moody’s OTC Industrial Manual (New York: Moody’s Investors Service, 1973–86). Advanced Micro Devices, Fiscal 1987 and 1997–2002 Annual Reports (Sunnyvale, CA: Advanced Micro Devices, 1987 and 1997–2002).

73

Roald Amundsen, The South Pole (McLean, VA: IndyPublish.com, 2009), “The First Account,” 213, 263; Roland Huntford, The Last Place on Earth (New York: Random House, 1999), 412–13, 419, 441–43, 466–67, 483–84.
74

“Hot Reception Seen Today for Genentech As First Gene-Splicing Firm to Go Public,” Wall Street Journal, October 14, 1980, 6; Nell Henderson, “Biotech Breakthrough Focuses on Heart Attacks,” Washington Post, October 12, 1986, HI; Charles McCoy, “Genentech’s New CEO Seeks Clean Slate – Levinson Takes Charge At Biotech Firm After Raab’s Ouster,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 1995, B6; Bernadette Tansey, “Genentech Proves the Skeptics Wrong,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 21, 2003; Genentech Inc., Fiscal 1985 and 1991 Annual Reports (San Francisco: Genentech Inc., 1985 and 1991); Genentech Inc., http://www.gene.com.

75

David R. Olmos, “Genentech Ousts CEO over Conflict Question,” Los Angeles Times, July 11, 1985, Dl; Charles McCoy, “Genentech’s New CEO Seeks Clean Slate – Levinson Takes Charge At Biotech Firm After Raab’s Ouster,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 1995, B6; Wayne Koberstein, “Youthful Maturity,” Pharmaceutical Executive, March 1999, 47; “Arthur D. Levenson-Genentech Inc. (GNE) CEO Interview,” Wall Street Transcript, January 26, 1998 (примечание: сохранена орфография названия статьи с ошибкой в фамилии Левинсона); данные по нетто-доходу взяты из Genentech Inc., Fiscal 1980–2008 Annual Reports (San Francisco: Genentech Inc., 1980–2008); Business Week Online, http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personld=234085&ticker=DNA: CN.

76

“Arthur D. Levenson – Genentech Inc. (GNE) CEO Interview,” Wall Street Transcript, January 26, 1998. (Примечание: сохранена орфография с ошибкой в фамилии Левинсона.)
77

Mimi Real and Robert Warren, A Revolution in Progress… A History of Intel to Date (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporate Communications Department, 1984), 17.
78

Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors' Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), viii, 21, 23, 69, 80, 116-17, 145, 171-72.
79

Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 118–19; Richard Curry, “The Skies of Texas,” New York Times, July 18, 1971; PSA Inc., Fiscal 1967 Annual Report (San Diego: PSA Inc., 1967).
80

“Love is Ammunition for a Texas Airline,” Business Week, June 26, 1971; Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 171.
81

Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 171–72; Lamar Muse, Southwest Passage: The Inside Story of Southwest Airlines’ Formative Years (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 2002), 84; Christopher H. Lovelock, “Southwest Airlines (A),” Harvard Business School, case study #9–575–060 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1985).
82

“USAir Completes Takeover of Pacific Southwest,” Washington Post, May 30, 1987.
83

Анализ по патентной политике опирается на три источника: 1) United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Official Database, 2) Dialog Research Services и 3) анализ базы данных по патентам и обращениям к ним профессора Ясита Сингха, Бизнес-школа INSEAD: “USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database,” United States Patent and Trademark Office, http://www.uspto.gov/; “New Biotechnology Companies,” Science, February 11, 1983; “Corporate Chronology,” Genentech Inc., www.gene.com/gene/about/corporate/history/timeline.html.

84

Noreen Seebacher, “Stryker Products: Just What the Doctor Ordered,” Detroit News, May 6, 1991, 3F; Barry Stavro, “The Hipbone’s Connected to the Bottom Line,” Forbes, December 3, 1984; Ron Winslow, “As Marketplace Shifts, U. S. Surgical Needs Patching Up,” Wall Street Journal, February 18, 1994; United States Surgical Corporation, Fiscal 1987 Annual Report (Norwalk, CT: United States Surgical Corporation, 1987); Christine Shenot, “U. S. Surgical Innovations Are Cut Above Rest,” Investor’s Daily, March 5, 1991, 36; “Corporate Critics Confidential: Medical Technology,” Wall Street Transcript, February 11, 1991.

85

“Stakes are Large in Battle for Microprocessor Market,” Globe and Mail, November 24, 1980, B5; “Section Three: The Great Dark Cloud Falls: IBM’s Choice,” CPU Shack, http://www.cpushack.com/CPU/cpu3.html; George W. Cogan and Robert A. Burgelman, “Intel Corporation (A): The DRAM Decision,” Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, case study #S-BP-256 (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1989), 9–10; Ashish Nanda and Christopher A. Bartlett, “Intel Corporation – Leveraging-Capabilities for Strategic Renewal,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–394–141 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1994), 3; Aditya P. Mathur, Introduction to Microprocessor, 3rd ed. (Noida, India: Tata McGraw-Hill, 1989), 111; “History: 50 Years of Industry Leadership,” National Semiconductor, www.national.com/analog/company/history; “Intel 8086,” Webster’s Online, www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Intel+8086?cx=partner-Pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=Intel+8086&sa=Search#922; Andrew Pollack, “Intel Offers a 32-Bit Microprocessor,” New York Times, October 17, 1985; Brenton R. Schlender, “Fast Game: Intel Introduces a Chip Packing Huge Power and Wide Ambitions,” Wall Street Journal, February 28, 1989.

86

Gerard J. Tellis and Peter N. Golder, Will and Vision (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), xiii-xv, 43, 46, 290–92.
87

Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973, 147, 184, 189; Intel Corporation, Fiscal 1971 Annual Report (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1971).
88

Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973, 147.
89

Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973, 184.
90

“New Leaders in Semiconductors,” Business Week, March 1, 1976.
91

“New Leaders in Semiconductors,” Business Week, March 1, 1976.
92

Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973, 184; Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Proceedings of the IEEE, January 1998 (Репринт публикации: Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics, April 19, 1965.); Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 227; Victor K. McElheny, “High-Technology Jelly Bean Ace,” New York Times, June 5, 1977; Robert A. Burgelman, Modesto A. Maidique, and Steven C. Wheelwright, Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2001), 931.

93

Личная беседа с автором.
94

David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego Tehabi Books, 2005), 16, 22–24, 29, 31, James D Berkley and Nitin Nohna, “Amgen Inc Planning the Un-plannable,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–492–052 (Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, 1992), 2.
95

David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego Tehabi Books, 2005), 14, 16, 24, 29, 31, 35, 52–53, Seanna Browder, “How George Rathmann Mastered the Science of the Deal,” Business Week, November 30, 1998.
96

David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego Tehabi Books, 2005), 35.
97

Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Co, Dean Witter Reynolds Inc, and Montgomery Securities, “Prospectus Amgen Common Stock,” Amgen Inc, June 17, 1983, 13–17.
98

David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego Tehabi Books, 2005), 72, 77–82, Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Dennis Yao, “Amgen Inc’s Epogen Commercializing the First Biotech Blockbuster Drug,” Harvard Business School, case study #7–064–54 (Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, 2005).
99

Craig E Aronoff and John L Ward, Contemporary Entrepreneurs (Detroit Omnigraphics Inc, 1992), 356, Matthew Herper, “Dane Miller CEO Value to the Bone,” Forbes, May 8, 2001, Fred R. David, Strategic Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2003), 376, “Biomet, Inc,” Wall Street Transcript, January 31,1994, Richard F. Hubbard and Jeffrey L. Rodengen, Biomet Inc From Warsaw to the World (Ft Lauderdale, FL Write Stuff Enterprises Inc, 2002), 49, 72, 83, 108, 114, “Biomet History,” http://www.biomet.com/corporate/biometTimeline.cfm.

100

Акции, находящиеся на руках у акционеров на конец 1987 года.
101

ML Mead Scott & Stnngfellow Inc, “Kirschner Medical Corporation – Company Report,” The Investext Group, February 17, 1989, 6, “Kirschner Medical Purchase,” Wall Street Journal, May 4, 1988, Susan J. Stacker, “After a Dark Year, Kirschner Restores Its New Subsidiary,” Washington Business Journal, June 19, 1989, Jessica Hall, “Torn Between Two Bidders Kirschner’s Enviable Dilemma,” Warfield’s Business Record, July 1, 1994, L. C. Marsh Wheat First Butcher & Singer Inc, “Kirschner Medical Corporation – Company Report,” The Investext Group, October 8, 1990, L. C. Marsh Wheat First Butcher & Singer Inc, “Kirschner Medical Corporation – Company Report,” The Investext Group, September 18, 1991, данные графика взяты из источников, перечисленных в этом примечании и в двух предыдущих.

102

Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA Paladwr Press, 2002), 148, 159, 172–73, 186, 193; “Pacific Southwest Airlines,” Wall Street Transcript, October 20, 1969.
103

“Big Jets Trip Up a Go-Go Airline,” Business Week, April 14, 1975; Robert Lindsey, “A Fallen Model For Deregulation,” New York Times, July 13, 1975; PSA Inc., Fiscal 1970 and 1973 Annual Reports (San Diego: PSA Inc., 1970 and 1973); Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 173, 179, 193, 196.
104

Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 186–87, 193, 196–97; Robert Lindsey, “A Fallen Model For Deregulation,” New York Times, July 13, 1975.

105

Richard B. Schmitt and Roy J. Harris Jr., “Braniff-PSA Joint Venture Is Succeeded By Plan to Lease 30 of Grounded Line’s Jets,” Wall Street Journal, n.d.; John S. DeMott, Mark Seal, and Michael Weiss, “Bankruptcy at Braniff,” Time, May 24,1982; Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 196, 261, 265, 273–74, 280, 287; Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz, “PSA, Lockheed Sue in L-1011 Dispute,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 8, 1979; Joan M. Feldman, “PSA Switch to DC-9–80 Beginning to Pay Dividends,” Air Transport World, December 1981; “Death Over San Diego,” Time, October 9, 1978.

106

Agis Salpukas, “US Air to Buy P.S.A. for $400 Million,” New York Times, December 9, 1986; Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 301.
107

Katrina Brooker, Herb Kelleher, and Reporter Associate Alynda Wheat, “The Chairman of the Board Looks Back,” Fortune, May 21, 2001; Tom Krazit, “Intel to Discontinue Rambus Chip Sets,” IDG News, May 21, 2003; Jeff Chappell, “The Costly Rambus Bandwagon,” Electronic News, November 6, 2000.
108

The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1986 Annual Report (Mayfield Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1986), 17, 24; “Like to Drink and Drive?” Financial World, November 27, 1990; Nicolaj Siggelkow and Michael E. Porter, “Progressive Corporation,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–797–109 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1998), 15; Gregory E. David, “Chastened?” Financial World, January 4, 1994; Jay Greene, “Progressive Corp. High-Risk Insurer Flying High Again,” Plain Dealer, June 7, 1993.

109

Jay Greene, “Progressive Corp. High-Risk Insurer Flying High Again,” Plain Dealer, June 7, 1993; Robert G. Knowles, “Progressive Launches Marketing ’Experiment,’ “ National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management, July 22, 1991.
110

Robert G. Knowles, “Progressive Launches Marketing ’Experiment,’ “National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management, July 22, 1991; Jay Greene, “Progressive Corp. Takes Chance on Standard Coverage,” Plain Dealer, September 7, 1991; Colleen Mulcahy, “Agents Uneasy with Progressive Auto Contract,” National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management, September 27, 1993; James King, “Risk Has Its Rewards,” Plain Dealer, June 20, 1994, 2S; Frances X. Frei and Hanna Rodriguez-Farrar, “Innovation at Progressive (A): Pay-As-You-Go Insurance,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–602–175 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2004), 4; “Total Auto, Total Premiums Written – 2002,” Best’s Review, October 2003; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1996 Annual Report (May-field Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1996).

111

Frances X. Frei and Hanna Rodriguez-Farrar, “Innovation at Progressive (B): Homeowners Insurance,” Harvard Business School, case study #9_601–138 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2004), 2; Elisabeth Boone, “Recipe for Success,” Rough Notes, April 2002.
112

“Love is Ammunition for a Texas Airline,” Business Week, June 26, 1971; Roland Huntford, The Last Place on Earth (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 91, 94, 256.
113

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992), 172–76.
114

Richard Brandt and Katherine M. Hafner, “The Waiting Game that Microsoft Can’t Lose,” Business Week, September 12, 1988; James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: HarperBusiness, 1992), 346–51.
115

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992), 349; Richard Brandt and Katherine M. Hafner, “The Waiting Game that Microsoft Can’t Lose,” Business Week, September 12, 1988.
116

Richard Brandt and Katherine M. Hafner, “The Waiting Game that Microsoft Can’t Lose,” Business Week, September 12, 1988; “Gates Reaffirms Faith in OS2,” Computer Weekly, March 16, 1989; “Windows Keeps Rolling Toward a Career Year,” PC Week, July 17, 1989.
117

Richard Brandt and Evan I. Schwartz, “IBM and Microsoft: They’re Still Talking, But…” Business Week, October 1,1990; Philip M. Rosenzweig, “Bill Gates and the Management of Microsoft,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–392–019 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1993); “Microsoft Shipments of Windows Exceed One Million a Month,” Wall Street Journal, August 12, 1992; Carl Johnston, Michael Rukstad, and David Yoffie, “Microsoft, 2000,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–700–071 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2000), 3; “Microsoft Company,” Operating System, http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/fa-microsoft.htm; “A History of Windows,” Microsoft Corporation, http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history.

118

Jerry Useem, “Simply Irresistible,” Fortune, March 19, 2007; “Apple Stores,” ifoAppleStore, www.ifoapplestore.com/stores/chronology_2001–2003.html.
119

John Markoff, “An ’Unknown’ Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil,” New York Times, September 1, 1997; “The Television Program Transcripts: Part III – Triumph of the Nerds,” PBS, www.pbs.org/nerds/part3.html; Gregory C. Rogers and Michael Beer, “Apple Computer (A) (Abridged): Corporate Strategy and Culture,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–495–044 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1997), 4; Mary Kwak and David B. Yoffie, “Apple Computer 1999,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–799–108 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1999), 6; Jai Singh, “Dell: Apple Should Close Shop,” CNETNews, October 6, 1997.

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