Quran
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- —— (2007). "Qurʾān". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- Kugle, Scott Alan (2006). Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34711-4.
- Peters, Francis E. (1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 23 (3): 291–315. doi:10.1017/S0020743800056312.
- —— (2003). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12373-8.
- Rahman, Fazlur (2009) [1989]. Major Themes of the Qur'an (Second ed.). University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70286-5.
- Rippin, Andrew (2006). The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1752-4.
- Robinson, Neal (2002). Discovering the Qur'an, Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-024-6
- Sells, Michael (15 November 1999), Approaching the Qur'ān: The Early Revelations (Book & CD ed.), White Cloud Press. ISBN 978-1-883991-26-5
- Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1988). The Qur'an in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7103-0266-3.
- Wild, Stefan (1996). The Quʼran as Text. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09300-3.
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