Jump to: navigation, search The term "Stock clues" originally referred to clues that have been used since approximately the days of the GE College Bowl radio show, or at least the 1990s. For a long time, those clues were recycled as lead-in clues by inexperienced teams who don't know any better, and passed through the final editing stage by editors who should have known better. Such stock clues were often biographical clues, and could also have resulted from excessive name-dropping of a term of actual importance for continuous years. In an ironic twist, the term "stock clue" has experienced something of a backlash in recent years, as questions get better-written and some players misuse the term to refer to any clue as "stock" that they remember from previous questions, regardless of how important the clue is, how infrequently it has appeared before, and where the clue is placed in the question. Due to the frequency and annoyance of its misuse, the phrase "stock clue" is therefore falling into disuse among older players.
The presence of a given difficult clue within (or outside) power across multiple high school tossups within the span of a year or two is not a sufficient condition for that clue to be stock. This list of stock clues is provided in the hope that people stop using them as lead-ins, or perhaps ever. "Her childhood friend Truman Capote": Harper Lee (also, anything involving Dill being based on Capote). "Planned to attend Juilliard, but lost her tuition money on a New York subway train": Carson McCullers "wounded at the Battle of Lepanto": Miguel de Cervantes "refused the 1926 Pulitzer Prize": Sinclair Lewis "tutored by Bairam Khan": Akbar "exiled in Mongolia": Molotov "cup-bearer to the king of Kish": Sargon the Great "wrote The Army of the Future" Charles de Gaulle "son of a sailmaker": Victor Grignard "Ideal Percent Alcohol Content of Vodka": Dmitri Mendeleev "apprenticed to a bookbinder": Michael Faraday "Advocated high doses of Vitamin C": Linus Pauling
"1% of the world's energy": Haber-Bosch Process "Offered presidency of Israel": Albert Einstein "research on aldehydes": Aleksandr Borodin "Taught at an all girls school": Gustav Holst "Originally studied mechanical engineering": Ludwig Wittgenstein "written on a napkin": Laffer Curve "thesis on Indo-European languages": Ferdinand de Saussure "worked in a machine shop": Otto Rank This first study was carried out in rural Japan, and those people with the highest blood levels of Vitamin C had 70 per cent fewer strokes.(1) A second study done in Finland in 2002 showed the same findings (2). Those people with the lowest vitamin C blood levels had 2.4 times greater risk of stroke. If high blood pressure and obesity were added factors, there was even higher risk for stroke. Now that you are convinced that Vitamin C is beneficial in preventing stroke, perhaps you might think that we all get enough vitamin C in our diets. Well, a new study of 15,769 people aged 12 to 74 years in the American Journal of Public Health says otherwise.
This study found a distressing 10 percent of women and 14 percent of men to be deficient in Vitamin C.(3) Is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin C Too Low? How much Vitamin C is enough? These are the different recommendations depending on the source:U.S. Government RDA (15)Linus Pauling Institute (7)Robert Cathcart MD III (4)Thomas E Levy, MD, PHD (6) All Animals Convert Glucose into Vitamin C Below Images Courtesy of Wikipedia Notice the 6 carbons and the ring structure of glucose, a common sugar (lower left). All animals convert the glucose into the L-ascorbate (vitamin C) with the use of three enzymes located in the liver of all animals (lower right). Note the similarity in the two ring structures of glucose and L-ascorbate with the Oxygen at the top. All Humans Have a Genetic Mutation, and Cannot Make Vitamin C We humans had a mutation 40 million years ago, and lack the final enzyme step needed to make our own Vitamin C. This last enzyme is called GLO (gulano lactone oxidase).
(14) You might ask the question: how much vitamin C would we make every day if the GLO enzyme was present and doing its job to convert glucose into vitamin C ? Perhaps the best answer comes from studying how much vitamin C animals produce. Based on animal vitamin C data, estimates are that healthy adult humans would produce about 2 to 4 grams (2,000 to 4,000 milligrams) of vitamin C daily. Other primates (gorillas, Orangutans, chimpanzees) cannot make their own vitamin C, and they typically consume 3 to 4 grams of vitamin C daily (calculated on a "human-weight basis"). Determining how much supplemental vitamin C will meet your individual requirements is fairly easy using a tolerance-test technique developed by Dr. Cathcart.(4) The tolerance test starts with a dose of 2 grams of vitamin C per day. Then, slowly increase your Vitamin C dose each day until you start experiencing excess gas or loose bowels. At that point, your body isn't absorbing or able to use that much vitamin C, so you should scale back to the largest amount that doesn't produce these symptoms.
Of course, your daily Vitamin C requirement can be obtained from citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons and limes, etc. And if you wish to use a Vitamin C supplement, I would recommend a buffered, 100% pure L-ascorbate also called Vitamin C. Our office provides this item to all our clients as a convenience, and the cost is about 5 cents a day. In terms of medical prevention bang for the buck, you can’t beat it. Articles of related interest: Heart Disease, Ascorbate, Lysine and Linus Pauling 7450 Griffin Road Suite 190Serum Vitamin C Concentration Was Inversely Associated With Subsequent 20-Year Incidence of Stroke in a Japanese Rural Community The Shibata Study Full text Plasma Vitamin C Modifies the Association Between Hypertension and Risk of Stroke. Stroke, 2002;33:1568-1573 S. Kurl, MD; Hampl JS, Taylor CA, Johnston CS. "Vitamin C deficiency and depletion in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994." Am J Public Health 2004;
Cathcart RF. Vitamin C, Titrating To Bowel Tolerance, Anascorbemia, and Acute Induced Scurvy. Vitamin C, the L and R isomers: Wikipedia Thomas Levy MD on Vitamin C Linus Pauling Institute References for Vitamin C Knekt P, et al. "Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts." Am J Clin Nutr 2004; (/~alexs/ascorbate/194x/klenner-fr-southern_med_surg-1949-v111-n7-p209.htm Klenner FR. “The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases with Vitamin C.” Southern Medicine & Surgery 1949: 209 Ascorbic Acid and Some Other Modern Analogs of the Germ Theory. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 1999; Vol 14 (3): 143-56. John T. A. Ely, Ph.D.Radiation Studies, Box 351310 University of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195 Publications by Robert F. Cathcart MD Dr. Hickey and Roberts Vitamin C recommendations American Society for Nutrition J. Nutr. Critical Review New Developments and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives for Vitamin C
Yi Li and Herb E. Schellhorn. Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for the biosynthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, and the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine (1). Under physiological conditions, it functions as a potent reducing agent that efficiently quenches potentially damaging free radicals produced by normal metabolic respiration of the body. Though most animals are able to synthesize large quantities of vitamin C endogenously, humans lost this capability as a result of a series of inactivating mutations of the gene encoding gulonolactone oxidase (GULO)3, a key enzyme in the vitamin C biosynthetic pathway. These mutational events were estimated to have occurred about 40 million years ago, rendering all descending species, including humans, ascorbic acid deficient. Acute lack of vitamin C leads to scurvy, manifest by blood vessel fragility, connective tissue damage, fatigue, and, ultimately, death. J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 269, Issue 18, 13685-13688, 05, 1994 Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L- gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man
M Nishikimi, R Fukuyama, S Minoshima, N Shimizu and K Yagi Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Yagi Memorial Park, Gifu, Japan. These findings indicate that the human nonfunctional L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase gene has accumulated a large number of mutations without selective pressure since it ceased to function during evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 August 14; A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women-90 mg. Mark Levine, Yaohui Wang, Sebastian J. Padayatty, and Jason Morrow The reader is advised to discuss the comments on these pages with his/her personal physicians and to only act upon the advice of his/her personal physician Also note that concerning an answer which appears as an electronically posted question, I am NOT creating a physician -- patient relationship. Although identities will remain confidential as much as possible, as I can not control the media, I can not take responsibility for any breaches of confidentiality that may occur.