Incest

Parents and children (verse 7)

Siblings and half siblings (verses 9 and 11). Relationships between these are particularly singled out for a curse in , and they are of the only two kinds incestuous relationships that are among the particularly-singled-out relationships—with the other particularly-singled-out relationships being ones of non-incestuous family betrayal (cf. verse 20) and bestiality (cf. verse 21)

Grandparents and grandchildren (verse 10)

Aunts and nephews, uncles and nieces, etc. (verses 12–14)., and the explicit examples of children-in-law and mothers-in-law (verse 23) serves to remind the Israelites that :

And Moses commanded the children of Israel according to the word of the LORD, saying: 'The tribe of the sons of Joseph speaketh right. This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded concerning the daughters of , saying: Let them be married to whom they think best; only into the family of the tribe of their father shall they be married. So shall no inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe; for the children of Israel shall cleave every one to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers. And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may possess every man the inheritance of his fathers. So shall no inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; for the tribes of the children of Israel shall cleave each one to its own inheritance.' Even as the LORD commanded Moses, so did the daughters of Zelophehad. For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's brothers' sons. ()

Incestuous relationships are considered so severe among , acts which bring shame to the name of God, as to be, along with the other forbidden relationships that are mentioned in Leviticus 18, punishable by death as specified in .

In the 4th century BCE, the (scribes) declared that there were relationships within which marriage constituted incest, in addition to those mentioned by the Torah. These additional relationships were termed seconds (Hebrew: sheniyyot), and included the wives of a man's grandfather and grandson. although there was inconclusive debate about exactly what the limits should be for the definition of seconds.[150]

Marriages that are forbidden in the Torah (with the exception of uncle-niece marriages) were regarded by the rabbis of the Middle Ages as invalid – as if they had never occurred;, On the other hand, those relationships which were prohibited due to qualifying as seconds, and so forth, were regarded as wicked, but still valid;

Christian[]

The regards incest as a sin against the ..

As the says:

2388 Incest designates intimate relations between relatives or in-laws within a degree that prohibits marriage between them. St. Paul stigmatizes this especially grave offense: 'It is actually reported that there is immorality among you...for a man is living with his father's wife....In the name of the Lord Jesus...you are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh....' Incest corrupts family relationships and marks a regression toward animality.
2389 Connected to incest is any sexual abuse perpetrated by adults on children or adolescents entrusted to their care. The offense is compounded by the scandalous harm done to the physical and moral integrity of the young, who will remain scarred by it all their lives; and the violation of responsibility for their upbringing. of the allows marriages up to and including first cousins.[155]

Islamic[]

The gives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with:

his father's wife or stepmother

either parent's sister (aunt),[157]

his sister, his half sister, a woman who has nursed from the same woman as he, his sister-in-law (wife's sister) while still married. Half relations are as sacred as are the full relations.[157]

his niece (child of sibling),[157]

his daughter, his stepdaughter (if the marriage to her mother had been ), his daughter-in-law.[157]

finds support in Islamic scriptures and is widespread in the Middle East.[159]
Although Islam allows cousin marriage, there are attributed to Muhammad calling for distance from the marriage of relatives.[162]

Zoroastrian[]

In , incest between cousins is a blessed virtue although in some sources incest is believed to be related to that of parent-child or brothers-sisters. both royalty, clergy, and commoners practiced incest.: Xᵛaētuuadaθa‎, romanized: Xvaetvadatha). The tradition was considered so sacred, that the bodily fluids produced by an incestuous couple were thought to have curative powers. advised corpse-bearers to purify themselves with a mixture of urine of a married incestuous couple., in his book , cited that among Zoroastrians a wise priest is born only by Xvaetvadatha.[169]
To what extent Xvaetvadatha was practiced in Iran and before, especially outside the royal and noble families (“dynastic incest”) and, perhaps, the clergy, and whether practices ascribed to them can be assumed to be characteristic of the general population is not clear. There is a lack of genealogies and census material on the frequency of Xvaetvadatha. Evidence from , however, combined with that of the Jewish and Christian sources citing actual cases under the Sasanians, strengthen the evidence of the Zoroastrian texts. In the post-Sasanian Zoroastrian literature, Xvaetvadatha is said to refer to marriages between cousins instead, which have always been relatively common. were considered a great challenge by its own proponents, with accounts suggesting that four copulations was deemed a rare achievement worthy of eternal salvation. It has been suggested that because taking up incestuous relations was a great personal challenge, seemingly repugnant even to Zoroastrians of the time, that it served as an of commitment and devotion to religious ideals.

Hindu[]

regard incest to be "evil". speaks of incest in abhorrent terms. Hindus believe there are both and practical bad effects of incest and thus practice strict rules of both and , in relation to the family tree () or bloodline ().
Marriage within the gotra (swagotra marriages) are banned under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. relationship) is strictly prohibited.
Although generally marriages between persons having the same gotra are prohibited,[178] how this is defined may vary regionally.
Depending on culture and of the population in the region, marriage may be restricted up to seven generations of gotra of father, mother, and grandmother. In a few rural areas, marriage is banned within same local community is only allowed with those from outside of the community, as they consider a small village to be like brothers and sisters of one large family. These rules are strictly enforced and a couple breaking them is violently punished sometimes.[179]
Animals[]
Many species of , including humanity's closest relatives, tend to avoid mating with close relatives, especially if there are alternative partners available. Male rats have been recorded engaging in mating with their sisters, but they tend to prefer non-related females over their sisters.[183]
breeders often practice controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics within a population, which is also coupled with of what is considered unfit offspring, especially when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock.

Insects[]
found that , in contrast to most other insects, tolerate incest and are able to genetically withstand the effects of inbreeding quite well.[184]

See also[]

Notes

. . 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013.

. (RAINN). 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2013.

^ Bittles, Alan Holland (2012). . . pp. 178–187. 978-0521781862. Retrieved August 27, 2013.

^ Hipp, Dietmar (2008-03-11). . Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2008-04-12.

(2004). . Stanford University Press. p. 169. 978-0-8047-5141-4.

^ Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions - Volume 1 - Page 321, Yudit Kornberg Greenberg - 2008

^ Language and Social Relations - Page 379, Asif Agha - 2007.

^ The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects - Page 101, James Wynbrandt, Mark D. Ludman - 2009.

^ Wolf, Arthur P.; Durham, William H. (2004). . Stanford University Press. p. 3. 978-0-8047-5141-4.

. PLoS ONE. 9 (10): e109585. :. :.   25313490.

^ Schneider, D. M. (1976). "The meaning of incest". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 85 (2): 149–169.

:. 18874938.

^ Schechner, R (1971). "Incest and culture: A reflection on Claude Lévi-Strauss". Psychoanalytic Review. 58 (4): 563.

, Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004

. Retrieved 2007-07-24.

(2000). Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. University Of Chicago Press. 978-0-226-03905-3.

978-0-674-60828-3.

^ The Tapestry of Culture: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, Ninth Ed., Abraham Rosman, Paula G. Rubel, Maxine Weisgrau, 2009, AltaMira Press, p. 101

(c. 1225) has Incest‥is bituȝe sibbe fleschliche, where either the generic or the narrow sense may be intended. See also

^ Oxford Concise Dictionary of Etymology, T. F. Hoad (ed.) (1996), p. 232

. pp. 171–184. His first criterion was that follow-up research on rapists and extrafamilial molesters should be studied while research on incesters and intrafamilial molesters should be screened out.

. pp. 91–110. They also suggested that researchers have created “a false dichotomy” (p. 33) by studying extrafamilial child molesters (eg, those who abuse other families' children) as though they were distinct from intrafamilial child incesters (eg, those who molest children within their own family)

. pp. 102–122. :.

. . p. 115. 9780830415748.

^ University of California (1945). American Journal of Psychiatry (Volume 101 ed.). p. 425. Psychoanalytic interpretations of some of the elements of incestuous reactions and a classification of incestuals are proposed.

. p. 80.

^ 1922, International Medical and Surgical Survey: Urology, p 500

. pp.  978-1420043082.

:.

.

Leiden: Brill. p. 19. 978-90-04-03917-9.

. 978-0-19-814848-7.

(1994). The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge, UK: . 978-0-521-46123-8.

:. 2804054.

(1980). (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 22 (3): 303–354. :.

^ Walter Scheidel. 2004. "Ancient Egyptian Sibling Marriage and the Westermarck Effect", in Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: the state of knowledge at the turn of the century Arthur Wolf and William Durham (eds) Stanford University Press. pp. 93-108

:.

^ Huebner, Sabine R. The family in Roman Egypt: a comparative approach to intergenerational solidarity and conflict. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

. Hellenic World encyclopaedia. Hellenica. Archived from on 2009-09-21. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

. Ancienthistory.about.com (2010-06-15). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.

^ Patrick Colquhoun, A Summary of the Roman Civil Law, Illustrated by Commentaries on and Parallels from the Mosaic, Canon, Mohammedan, English, and Foreign Law (London: Wm. Benning & Co., 1849), p. 513-4

, 2007, p. 62.

^ Potter, 2007, p. 66.

. Psychology Press. pp. 137–. 978-0-415-15240-2. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

^ Aggrawal, Anil (2009). Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 320. 9781420043082.

^ Cain and Abel in Text and Tradition: Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the First Sibling Rivalry, John Byron - 2011, page 27

^ The Empowerment of Women in the Book of Jubilees - Page 17, Betsy Halpern Amaru - 1999

)

(1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. pp.   505927356. Retrieved 5 May 2011. god and sex.

^ John, Witte Jr.; Kingdon, Robert (2005). Sex, Marriage, and Family in John Calvin's Geneva: Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 321. 9780802848031.

. via . p. 143.

". National Geographic Magazine.

Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007. p.171. 978-0-292-71485-4.

. via . p. 180.

(1998). . via . p. 805.

. , p. 169.

978-4-04-082109-2.

. Sarup & Sons. p.  978-81-7625-171-6.

. United Nations Publications. p.  978-92-1-120340-0.

. DIANE Publishing. p. 64. 978-0-7881-1669-8.

. Psychology Press. p. 128. 978-0-87630-495-2.

^ Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 208. 978-0-393-31356-7.

; Craighead, W. Edward (2001). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. New York: Wiley. 978-0-471-24096-9.

by , Book VI: "hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos;" = "this [man being punished in ] invaded a daughter's private room and a forbidden marital relationship."

(1981). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p.  978-0-674-29506-3.

:.

0-7619-1009-3

." Paper presented at the Child Sexual Abuse: Justice Response or Alternative Resolution Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology and held in Adelaide, 1–2 May 2003

:.

:. 3828862.

:.

2011-11-03 at the . London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. 1-84228-006-6

^ Sibling incest is roughly five times as common as other forms of incest according to Gebhard, P., Gagnon, J., Pomeroy, W., & Christenson, C. (1965). Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types. New York: Harper & Row.

(1981). Sexually Victimized Children. Simon and Schuster. 978-0-02-910400-2.

^ O'Brien, M. J. (1991). "Taking sibling incest seriously." In M. Patton (ed.), Family Sexual Abuse: Frontline Research and Evaluation, pp. 75–92. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

:. 1617475.

:. 12433139.

. 4 (3): 249–267. :.

. Rutgers University. Archived from on 2014-11-01.

^ Turner, Jeffrey S. (1996). . Greenwood Publishing Group. p.  978-0-313-29576-8.

^ Kinnear, Karen L. Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Reference Handbook. p. 8.

:.

:. : 665796.

978-0-7735-2261-9.

978-0-393-31356-7.

. BBC News. January 22, 1999.

. National Center for Victims of Crime and Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center. National Center for Victims of Crime. 1992.

:. 3961672.

978-0-87630-560-7.

978-0-88048-160-1.

^ Cruise, David; Griffiths, Alison (1998). On South Mountain: The Dark Secrets of the Goler Clan. Penguin Books. 978-0-670-87388-3.

. Children's Court, New South Wales. 13 September 2013. Archived from on 17 December 2013.

. .

. .

:.

. 1 (1): 12–18. :.

^ Courtois, Christine (2010). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 71–72. 978-0-39370-547-8.

^ Ward, Elizabeth (1985). Father-Daughter Rape. W. W. Norton & Company. 978-0-39462-032-9.

. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 106. 978-0-89042-233-5.

:. 17200052.

. Psychology Today. January/February 93. Sussex Publishers.

^ Rudd, Jane M.; Herzberger, Sharon D. (September 1999). "Brother-sister incest—father-daughter incest: a comparison of characteristics and consequences". Child Abuse & Neglect. 23 (9): 915–928. :. 10505905.

:. 12433139.

^ Hari, Johann (2002-01-09). . . Retrieved 2008-04-11.

:. 9781137476159.

. Monash university. Archived from on 2017-02-04. Retrieved 2017-05-22.

:.

:.

^ (2003-04-23). . . Retrieved 2008-04-12.

. .

. Slate. Archived from on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.

.

(in Dutch). Elfri.be. 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2013-07-30.

^ Criminal Law - Page 200, John M. Scheb - 2008

^ Family Law in the USA - Page 207, Lynn Dennis Wardle, Laurence C. Nolan - 2011

^ The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects - Page 101, James Wynbrandt, Mark D. Ludman - 2010

. Sexual Offences Act 1956. National Archives UK. Retrieved 28 March 2014.

. legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives of United Kingdom. Retrieved 28 March 2014.

. CBC.

.

on the Stübing vs. Germany case. .

. The Daily Beast. 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-05.

. The Telegraph. 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-05.

^ Roger S. Bagnall, Bruce W. Frier, The Demography of Roman Egypt, 2006, p.128

, , Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality, 1994, p.239

. theguardian.com. . Retrieved 28 March 2014.

. Archived from on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.

. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. 9781454831556 – via Google Books.

(PDF). Paediatrics and Child Health. 18 (5): 244–249. :.

; (2003). . Brill. p. 261. 978-90-04-12819-4.

. McFarland. 9781476622620.

. Perth Now. Archived from on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-01-05.

978-0-8018-7204-4.

. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

:.

. Chicago: . 978-0-226-79854-7.

. PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e50613. :. :.   23209792.

. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1517): 819–826. :.   12737660.

(PDF). consang.net. Retrieved 2010-01-19., citing Bittles, A. H.; Neel, J.V. (1994). "The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variation at the DNA level". Nature Genetics. 8 (2): 117–121. :. 7842008.

:. 7131177.

. BBC. 12 March 2007. retrieved 22 January 2011

[1]

' .

) 2:3

^ Yebamot 21a

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the : ; et al., eds. (1901–1906). . . New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

^ , Eben ha-'Ezer, 16, 1

^ Yebamot 94b

. . Canada. 1962.

.

^ .

.

9781782384380.

. SeekersHub Answers. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

. IslamQA. Checked and Approved by, Mufti Ebrahim Desai. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

. Muslim Council of America Foundation. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

^ Berkowitz, Eric (2012). . Counterpoint Press. pp. 21–22. 9781582437965.

:. 0075-6334.

. Ethology and Sociobiology. 17 (5): 319–340. :.

. Iberia. Revista de la Antigüedad (in Spanish). 4: 181–197. 1699-6909.

(2013). . www.iranicaonline.org. , online edition. Retrieved 2018-08-20.

. BRILL. pp. 430–433. 978-9004108448.

^ The Birth of Tragedy, Friedrich Nietzsche. Anaconda Verlag - 2012.

^ Michael Mitterauer, “The Customs of the Magians: The Problem of Incest in Historical Societies,” in Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich, eds., Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality, Cambridge, UK, and New York, 1994, pp. 231-50.

^ Fischer, Michael MJ. "Ptolemaic Jouissance and the Anthropology of Kinship: A Commentary on Ager" The Power of Excess: Royal Incest and the Ptolemaic Dynasty"." Anthropologica 49, no. 2 (2007): 295-299.

^ *Jakob Eduard Polak, Persien, das Land und seine Bewohner: ethnographische Schilderungen, 2 vols in one, Leipzig, 1865; tr. Kaykāvus Jahāndāri as Safar-nāma-ye Polāk: Iran wa Irāniān, Tehran, 1982.
James Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, leurs origines et leur histoire, Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des hautes études ... Sciences philologiques et historiques 29, Paris, 1877.

Givens, Benjamin P.; Hirschman, Charles (1994). "Modernization and Consanguineous Marriage in Iran". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 56 (4): 820–34. :. 353595.

Clarisse Herrenschmidt, "Le xwêtôdas ou mariage «incestueux» en Iran ancien," in Pierre Bonte, ed., Epouser au plus proche, inceste, prohibitions et stratégies matrimoniales autour de la Méditerranée, Paris, 1994, pp. 113-25.

Alan H. Bittles et al., “Human Inbreading: A Familiar Story Full of Surprises,” in Helen Macbeth and Prakash Shetty, eds., Health and Ethnicity, Society for the Study of Human Biology Series 41, London, 2001, pp. 68–78.

^ Porter, Roy, and Mikulas Teich, eds. Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science. CUP Archive, 1994, p.237

^ Scheidel, Walter. "Evolutionary psychology and the historian." The American Historical Review 119, no. 5 (2014): 1563-1575.

^ Fischer, Michael MJ. "Ptolemaic Jouissance and the Anthropology of Kinship: A Commentary on Ager" The Power of Excess: Royal Incest and the Ptolemaic Dynasty"." Anthropologica 49, no. 2 (2007): 295-299.

^ O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. University of California Press. p. 7.

. Indian Express. July 20, 2009

^ The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, James G. Lochtefeld, Rosen Publishing Group, 2002; p. 526.

2010-11-03 at the . sanathanadharma.com

. PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51293. :. :.   23251487.

^
Wolf, Arthur P.; William H. Durham (2004). . Stanford University Press. p. 169. 978-0-8047-5141-4.

Livescience, retrieved 29 January 2012

A. Sarkar; retrieved 29 January 2012

. 8 December 2011.

Bibliography
Bixler, Ray H. (1982) "Comment on the Incidence and Purpose of Royal Sibling Incest," American Ethnologist, 9(3), August, pp. 580–582.

Leavitt, G. C. (1990) "Sociobiological explanations of incest avoidance: A critical claim of evidential claims", American Anthropologist, 92: 971–993.

Potter, David Morris (2007). Emperors of Rome. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Quercus. 978-1-84724-166-5.

Sacco, Lynn (2009). Unspeakable: Father–Daughter Incest in American History. Johns Hopkins University Press. 351 978-0-8018-9300-1

Indrajit Bandyopadhyay (29 October 2008). "A Study In Folk "Mahabharata": How Balarama Became Abhimanyu's Father-in-law". Epic India: A New Arts & Culture Magazine

Đõ, Quý Toàn; Iyer, Sriya; Joshi, Shareen (2006). The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages. World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty Team.

Ska, Jean Louis (2009). . Mohr Siebeck. pp. 30–31, 260.

Ska, Jean Louis (2006). . Eisenbrauns. 978-1-57506-122-1.

Incest

Christian[]

Islamic[]

Zoroastrian[]

Hindu[]

Report Page