Estonia
EstoniaЭстония. Читайте последние новости на тему в ленте новостей на сайте РИА Новости. Пожилая женщина скончалась от коронавируса в таллинской больнице, общее число жертв COVID в Эстонии достигло пяти, сообщил в среду республиканский департамент здоровья.
На этой веб-странице используются файлы cookie. Продолжив открывать страницы сайта, Вы соглашаетесь с использованием файлов cookie. Места для гурманов Источник: Renee Altrov. Карта Эстонии Искать Искать по всей Эстонии. Ключевое слово: Введите ключевое слово. Категории: Выберите категорию. Все категории Статьи События Экскурсии Природа и животный мир Активный отдых и приключения История и культура Еда, напитки и ночная жизнь Здоровье и профилактика Покупки Размещение Морские вокзалы Помещения для проведения семинаров Туристические бюро Специальные предложения и пакеты. Город или регион: Выберите регион или город. TOP 10 мест для семейного отдыха Уникальные эстонские спа-процедуры Загадочная эстонская душа Вкусные сувениры из Эстонии Читать все статьи. События Фестивали Спорт Музыка Bсе cобытия. Покупки Кустарные изделия и Сувениры Местный дизайн и бутики Торговые центры. Тип поездки Зеленый Семья. Нарва датская, русская, эстонская: тогда и сегодня Традиционные вкусы Вырумаа Времена года на острове Кихну Смотрите туры по всей Эстонии. Экологичное место ночлега среди природы Десятка лучших спа-центров 10 лучших отелей Таллина Искать размещение. Добро пожаловать! Где посмотреть на тюленей в Эстонии? Георгу Отсу — лет. Лучшие туристические маршруты для семей с детьми. Как недорого отдохнуть в Эстонии: места и советы. Эстонский национальный костюм. Тропа Балтийского взморья: рекомендации. Куда пойти Смотрите и планируйте на карте. Северная Эстония. Южная Эстония. Западная Эстония. Смотрите и планируйте на карте Tours around Estonia. Тематические парки. Центр впечатлений для всей семьи Thule Koda в Курессааре. Спа-отель Wasa Resort. Арт-центр Kai. Музеи и галереи. Посмотрите туры по всей Эстонии. Подписаться на рассылку: Пожалуйста, проверьте свою э-почту. Докажите, что Вы не робот! Спасибо, обещаем, что не будем присылать Вам спам. Следите за нами:. Я ознакомился с принципами обработки данных EAS.
Официальный сайт туристической информации. Карта Эстонии. Искать. Искать по всей Эстонии. Ключевое слово: Эстонию с подростком: советы от мамы ТОП гастрономических фестивалей Чем хороши походы через болота в Эстонии. События. Фестивали.
Туризм в Эстонии: благодаря отзывам туристов путешественники могут почерпнуть всю необходимую информацию о Эстонии на Tripadvisor.
The official language of the country, Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language. The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9, BC. Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity — following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century. Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from during the Era of Silence. During World War II — , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former. In the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule, resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August The sovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties. Its capital and largest city is Tallinn. With a population of 1. Estonia, a developed country with an advanced, high-income economy that has been \\\[ when? Some historians believe he was directly referring to Balts i. The earliest human habitation during the Mesolithic period is connected to the Kunda culture , named after the town of Kunda in northern Estonia. At that time the country was covered with forests, and people lived in semi-nomadic communities near bodies of water. Subsistence activities consisted of hunting, gathering and fishing. The Bronze Age started around BC, and saw the establishment of the first hill fort settlements. The middle Iron Age produced threats appearing from different directions. Several Scandinavian sagas referred to major confrontations with Estonians, notably when 'Estonian Vikings' defeated and killed the Swedish king Ingvar. In Yaroslav the Wise defeated Estonians and established a fort in modern-day Tartu ; this foothold lasted until an Estonian tribe, the Sosols, destroyed it in , followed by their raid on Pskov. Estonia could be divided into two main cultural areas, the coastal areas of Northern and Western Estonia had close overseas contacts with Scandinavia and Finland , while inland Southern Estonia had more contacts with Balts and Pskov. In the early centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the parish Estonian: kihelkond and the county Estonian: maakond , which consisted of multiple parishes. A parish was led by elders and centred around a hill fort; in some rare cases a parish had multiple forts. Counties were independent entities and engaged only in a loose co-operation against foreign threats. There is little known of early Estonian pagan religious practices. Spiritual practices were guided by shamans , with sacred groves , especially oak groves, serving as places of worship. The German Livonian Brothers of the Sword , who had previously subjugated Livonians , Latgalians , and Selonians , started campaigning against the Estonians in , and over next few years both sides made numerous raids and counter-raids. A major leader of the Estonian resistance was Lembitu , an elder of Sakala County , but in the Estonians suffered a significant defeat in the Battle of St. In , a major revolt ejected the Germans and Danes from the whole of Estonia, except Reval , but the crusaders soon resumed their offensive, and in , Saaremaa was the last county to surrender. After the crusade, the territory of present-day Southern Estonia and Latvia was named Terra Mariana , but later it became known simply as Livonia. In , after suffering a major defeat , the Sword Brothers merged into the Teutonic Order becoming the Livonian Order. In , a major rebellion started, known as the St. The Teutonic Order finished suppressing the rebellion in , and the next year the Danish king sold his possessions in Estonia to the Order. During the crusade, Reval Tallinn was founded, as the capital of Danish Estonia, on the site of Lindanise. Reval acted as a trade intermediary between Novgorod and Western Hanseatic cities, while Dorpat filled the same role with Pskov. Many guilds were formed during that period, but only a very few allowed the participation of native Estonians. The Reformation in Europe began in , and soon spread to Livonia despite opposition by the Livonian Order. During the 16th century, the expansionist monarchies of Muscowy , Sweden, and Poland—Lithuania consolidated power, posing a growing threat to decentralised Livonia weakened by disputes between cities, nobility, bishops, and the Order. The Livonian Order was decisively defeated in , prompting Livonian factions to seek foreign protection. Russian forces gradually conquered the majority of Livonia, but in the late s the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish armies started their own offensives and the bloody war finally ended in with Russian defeat. In , the Polish-Swedish War broke out, causing further devastation. The protracted war ended in with Sweden gaining Livonia , including the regions of Southern Estonia and Northern Latvia. Printing presses were also established in both towns. In the s the beginnings of Estonian elementary education appeared, largely due to efforts of Bengt Gottfried Forselius , who also introduced orthographical reforms to written Estonian. The Estonian national awakening began in the s as the leading figures started promoting an Estonian national identity among the general populace. Its economic basis was formed by widespread farm buyouts by peasants, forming a class of Estonian landowners. In Johann Voldemar Jannsen started publishing the first Estonian language newspaper and began popularising the denomination of oneself as eestlane Estonian. The moderate wing led by Hurt focused on development of culture and Estonian education, while the radical wing led by Jacobson started demanding increased political and economical rights. In the late 19th century the Russification period started, as the central government initiated various administrative and cultural measures to tie Baltic governorates more closely to the empire. In the early 20th century Estonians started taking over control of local governments in towns from Germans. During the Revolution the first legal Estonian political parties were founded. An Estonian national congress was convened and demanded the unification of Estonian areas into a single autonomous territory and an end to Russification. During the unrest peasants and workers attacked manor houses. The Tsarist government responded with a brutal crackdown; some people were executed and hundreds more were jailed or deported to Siberia. In , after the February Revolution , the governorate of Estonia was expanded to include Estonian speaking areas of Livonia and was granted autonomy, enabling formation of the Estonian Provincial Assembly. However the Provincial Assembly established the Salvation Committee , and during the short interlude between Russian retreat and German arrival , the committee declared the independence of Estonia on 24 February , and formed the Estonian Provisional Government. German occupation immediately followed, but after their defeat in World War I the Germans were forced to hand over power to the Provisional Government on 19 November. Renewed Soviet attacks failed, and in spring, the Estonian army, in co-operation with White Russian forces, advanced into Russia and Latvia. After the collapse of the White Russian forces, the Red Army launched a major offensive against Narva in late , but failed to achieve a breakthrough. On 2 February , the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed between Estonia and Soviet Russia, with the latter pledging to permanently give up all sovereign claims to Estonia. In April , the Estonian Constituent Assembly was elected. The Constituent Assembly passed a sweeping land reform expropriating large estates, and adopted a new highly liberal constitution establishing Estonia as a parliamentary democracy. Opposition candidates were allowed to participate, but only as independents, while opposition parties remained banned. Estonia joined the League of Nations in The Estonian government felt that it had no choice but to comply, and the treaty was signed on 28 September. On the same day, the airliner Kaleva was shot down by the Soviet Air Force. On 16 June, Soviets presented an ultimatum demanding completely free passage of the Red Army into Estonia and the establishment of a pro-Soviet government. Feeling that resistance was hopeless, the Estonian government complied and, on the next day, the whole country was occupied. The Soviets established a regime of oppression; most of the high-ranking civil and military officials, intelligentsia and industrialists were arrested, and usually executed soon afterwards. Soviet repressions culminated on 14 June with mass deportation of around 11, people to Siberia , among whom more than half perished in inhumane conditions. Soviet destruction battalions initiated a scorched earth policy. Political prisoners who could not be evacuated were executed by the NKVD. In July, German Wehrmacht reached south Estonia. Soviets evacuated Tallinn in late August with massive losses, and capture of the Estonian islands was completed by German forces in October. Only a puppet collaborationist administration was established, and occupied Estonia was merged into Reichskommissariat Ostland , with its economy being fully subjugated to German military needs. Numerous forced labour camps were established where thousands of Estonians, foreign Jews, Romani , and Soviet prisoners of war perished. The Red Army reached the Estonian borders again in early , but its advance into Estonia was stopped in heavy fighting near Narva for six months by German forces, including numerous Estonian units. Thousands of Estonians opposing the second Soviet occupation joined a guerrilla movement known as Forest Brothers. The armed resistance was heaviest in the first few years after the war, but Soviet authorities gradually wore it down through attrition, and resistance effectively ceased to exist in the mid s. In March about 20, Estonians were deported to Siberia. Collectivization was fully completed soon afterwards. The Soviet Union began Russification , with hundreds of thousands of Russians and people of other Soviet nationalities being induced to settle in Estonia, which eventually threatened to turn Estonians into a minority in their own land. The introduction of Perestroika in made political activity possible again, starting an independence restoration process known as the Singing Revolution. Over the next two years almost all other Soviet Republics followed the Estonian lead issuing similar declarations. Soviet authorities recognised Estonian independence on 6 September, and on 17 September Estonia was admitted into the United Nations. In radical economic reforms were launched for switching over to a market economy, including privatisation and currency reform. Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland, on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 2, including those in lakes. Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Estonia has over 1, lakes. There are many rivers in the country. Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5. Snow cover, which is deepest in the south-eastern part of Estonia, usually lasts from mid-December to late March. Many species extinct in most of the European countries can be still found in Estonia. Mammals present in Estonia include the grey wolf , lynx , brown bear , red fox , badger , wild boar , moose , red deer , roe deer , beaver , otter , grey seal , and ringed seal. Critically endangered European mink has been successfully reintroduced to the island of Hiiumaa , and the rare Siberian flying squirrel is present in east Estonia. There are 5 national parks, nature reserves, and many other protection areas. Estonia is an unitary parliamentary republic. The unicameral parliament Riigikogu serves as the legislative and the government as the executive. Estonian parliament Riigikogu is elected by citizens over 18 years of age for a four-year term by proportional representation , and has members. The Government of Estonia is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia at recommendation of the President, and approved by the Riigikogu. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, represent the political leadership of the country and carry out domestic and foreign policy. Ministers head ministries and represent its interests in the government. Sometimes ministers with no associated ministry are appointed, known as ministers without portfolio. The head of the state is the President who has primarily representative and ceremonial role. The president is elected by the Riigikogu, or by a special electoral college. The President proclaims the laws passed in the Riigikogu, and has right to refuse proclamation and return law in question for a new debate and decision. If Riigikogu passes the law unamended, then the President has right to propose to the Supreme Court to declare the law unconstitutional. The President also represents the country in international relations. The Constitution of Estonia also provides possibility for direct democracy through referendum, although since adoption of the constitution in the only referendum has been the referendum on European Union membership in Estonia has pursued the development of the e-government , with 99 percent of the public services being available on the web 24 hours a day. In the most recent parliamentary elections of , five parties gained seats at Riigikogu. The Constitution of Estonia is the fundamental law, establishing the constitutional order based on five principles: human dignity, democracy, rule of law, social state, and the Estonian identity. The first instance are county courts which handle all criminal and civil cases, and administrative courts which hear complaints about government and local officials, and other public disputes. The second instance are district courts which handle appeals about the first instance decisions. Estonia is an unitary country with a single-tier local government system. Local affairs are managed autonomously by local governments. Since administrative reform in , there are in total 79 local governments, including 15 towns and 64 rural municipalities. All municipalities have equal legal status and form part of a county , which is a state administrative unit. The council appoints local government, headed by a mayor. For additional decentralization the local authorities may form municipal districts with limited authority, currently those have been formed in Tallinn and Hiiumaa. Separately from administrative units there are also settlement units : village, small borough, borough, and town. Generally villages have less than , small borough have between —, borough and town have over inhabitants. Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September , and became a member of the United Nations on 17 September Since the early s, Estonia has been involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The beginning of the attempt to redefine Estonia as 'Nordic' was seen in December , when then Estonian foreign minister and President of Estonia from until Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled 'Estonia as a Nordic Country' to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs , \\\[\\\] with potential political calculation behind it being wish to distinguish Estonia from more slowly progressing southern neighbours, which could have postponed early participation in European Union enlargement for Estonia too. Relations with Russia remain generally cold, though there is some practical co-operation. The Estonian Defence Forces consist of land forces , navy , and air force. The current national military service is compulsory for healthy men between ages of 18 and 28, with conscripts serving 8 or 11 month tours of duty, depending on their education and position provided by the Defence Forces. The planned wartime size of the Defence Forces is 60, personnel, including 21, personnel in high readiness reserve. The Estonian Defence League is a voluntary national defence organisation under management of Ministry of Defence. It is organized based on military principles, has its own military equipment, and provides various different military training for its members, including in guerilla tactics. The Defence League has 16, members, with additional 10, volunteers in its affiliated organisations. Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives. Estonia joined NATO in Since Estonia has participated in numerous international security and peacekeeping missions, including: Afghanistan , Iraq , Lebanon , Kosovo , and Mali. Beginning 1 January , Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state. Because of the global economic recession that began in , the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for by EEK 6. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since. The unemployment rate in March was 6. A simplified tax system with flat rates and low indirect taxation, openness to foreign investment, and a liberal trade regime have supported the resilient and well-functioning economy. In , a stable currency, the kroon , was established. The kroon succeeded the mark in and was used until After Estonia regained its independence, the kroon was reintroduced in Since re-establishing independence , Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. In , Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in , largely because of the impact of the Russian financial crisis. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank , Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union. Although Estonia is in general resource-poor, the land still offers a large variety of smaller resources. Since , public debate has discussed whether Estonia should build a nuclear power plant to secure energy production after closure of old units in the Narva Power Plants , if they are not reconstructed by the year Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources. Currently \\\[ when? The electricity market as whole will be liberalised by Together with Lithuania, Poland, and Latvia, the country considered participating in constructing the Visaginas nuclear power plant in Lithuania to replace the Ignalina. It is even claimed that Estonia has the most startups per person in world. The Estonian electricity network forms a part of the Nord Pool Spot network. Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Several cryptocurrency trading platforms are officially recognised by the government, such as CoinMetro. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Between and , Estonia received The share of Baltic Germans in Estonia had fallen from 5. At the end of the s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. Russians make up The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in was unique in Europe at that time. Before the Soviet occupation , the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. In recent years the numbers of Coastal Swedes has risen again, numbering in almost people, owing to the property reforms in the beginning of the s. In , the Ingrian Finnish minority in Estonia elected a cultural council and was granted cultural autonomy. The Estonian Swedish minority similarly received cultural autonomy in Estonian society has undergone considerable changes over the last twenty years, one of the most notable being the increasing level of stratification, and the distribution of family income. The Gini coefficient has been steadily higher than the European Union average 31 in , \\\[\\\] although it has clearly dropped. The registered unemployment rate in January was 7. Modern Estonia is a multinational country in which languages are spoken, according to a census. The United Nations Human Rights Council report called 'extremely credible' the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as 'discriminatory'. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity — more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. Estonia has been the first post-Soviet republic that has legalised civil unions of same-sex couples. The law was approved in October and came into effect 1 January Tallinn is the capital and the largest city of Estonia, and lies on the northern coast of Estonia, along the Gulf of Finland. There are 33 cities and several town-parish towns in the country. In total, there are 47 linn a, with 'linn' in English meaning both 'cities' and 'towns'. The 20 largest cities are listed below:. Estonia has a rich and diverse religious history, but in recent years it has become increasingly secular, with either a plurality or a majority of the population declaring themselves nonreligious in recent censuses, followed by those who identify as religiously 'undeclared'. The largest minority groups are the various Christian denominations , principally Lutheran and Orthodox Christians, with very small numbers of adherents in non-Christian faiths, namely Judaism , Islam and Buddhism. In ancient Estonia, prior to Christianization and according to Livonian Chronicle of Henry , Tharapita was the predominant deity for the Oeselians. Estonia was Christianised by the Catholic Teutonic Knights in the 13th century. The Protestant Reformation led to the establishment of the Lutheran church in Many Estonians profess not to be particularly religious, because religion through the 19th century was associated with German feudal rule. Other organisations, such as the World Council of Churches, report that there are as many as , Estonian Lutherans. However, the census indicated that Eastern Orthodoxy had surpassed Lutheranism, accounting for Eastern Orthodoxy is practised chiefly by the Russian minority. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Roman Catholics are a small minority in Estonia. They are organised under the Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia. According to the census of data in table to the right , there were about 1, adherents of the Taara faith \\\[\\\] \\\[\\\] \\\[\\\] or Maausk in Estonia see Maavalla Koda. The Jewish community has an estimated population of about 1, see History of the Jews in Estonia , and the Muslim community numbers just over 1, Around 68, people consider themselves atheists. The official language, Estonian , belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Estonian is closely related to Finnish, spoken in Finland, across the other side of the Gulf of Finland , and is one of the few languages of Europe that is not of an Indo-European origin. Despite some overlaps in the vocabulary due to borrowings, in terms of its origin, Estonian and Finnish are not related to their nearest geographical neighbours, Swedish , Latvian , and Russian, which are all Indo-European languages. Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages , mainly from Low Saxon Middle Low German during the period of German rule , and High German including standard German. The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22—25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. The languages are spoken in South-Eastern Estonia, are genealogically distinct from northern Estonian: but are traditionally and officially considered as dialects and 'regional forms of the Estonian language', not separate language s. Russian is by far the most spoken minority language in the country. There are towns in Estonia with large concentrations of Russian speakers and there are towns where Estonian speakers are in the minority especially in the northeast, e. Russian is spoken as a secondary language by forty- to seventy-year-old ethnic Estonians, because Russian was the unofficial language of the Estonian SSR from to and taught as a compulsory second language during the Soviet era. From the 13th to the 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia, particularly in the coastal areas and on the islands e. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament, and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates. From to , when Estonia was independent, the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, used Swedish as the administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II, that is, before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in Only a handful of older speakers remain. The most common foreign languages learned by Estonian students are English, Russian, German, and French. Other popular languages include Finnish, Spanish, and Swedish. The history of formal education in Estonia dates back to the 13th and 14th centuries when the first monastic and cathedral schools were founded. In , university courses were first taught in the Estonian language. The education system is based on four levels: pre-school, basic, secondary, and higher education. The Estonian education system consists of state, municipal, public, and private institutions. There are currently schools in Estonia. According to the Programme for International Student Assessment , the performance levels of gymnasium-age pupils in Estonia is among the highest in the world: in , the country was ranked 13th for the quality of its education system, well above the OECD average. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The first computer centres were established in the late s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the s. According to New Scientist , Estonia will be the first nation to provide personal genetic information service sponsored by the state. They aim to minimise and prevent future ailments for those whose genes make them extra prone to conditions like adult-onset diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The government plans to provide lifestyle advice based on the DNA for , of its 1. The culture of Estonia incorporates indigenous heritage, as represented by the Estonian language and the sauna , with mainstream Nordic and European cultural aspects. Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. The Estonian Academy of Arts Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia , EKA is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. Runic singing was widespread among Estonians until the 18th century, when rhythmic folk songs began to replace them. Traditional wind instruments derived from those used by shepherds were once widespread, but are now becoming again more commonly played. Other instruments, including the fiddle , zither , concertina , and accordion are used to play polka or other dance music. The kannel is a native instrument that is now again becoming more popular in Estonia. The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals Laulupidu started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In , about , people participated in the Song Festival. The last festival took place in July In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in In the s, Estonian baritone Georg Ots rose to worldwide prominence as an opera singer. She has provided music for the Disney film Alice in Wonderland and the television series Smallville in the United States of America. In , Estonia hosted the event. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe, \\\[ citation needed \\\] with her band Vanilla Ninja. The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language ca. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae contains Estonian place and family names. The cultural stratum of Estonian was originally characterised by a largely lyrical form of folk poetry based on syllabic quantity. Apart from a few albeit remarkable exceptions, this archaic form has not been much employed in later times. One of the most outstanding achievements in this field is the national epic Kalevipoeg. At a professional level, traditional folk song reached its new heyday during the last quarter of the 20th century, primarily thanks to the work of composer Veljo Tormis. Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade Spring. Regular, live radio broadcasts began in December Deregulation in the field of electronic media has brought radical changes compared to the beginning of the s. The first licences for private TV broadcasters were issued in The first private radio station went on the air in Today the media is a vibrant and competitive sector. There is a plethora of weekly newspapers and magazines, and Estonians have a choice of 9 domestic TV channels and a host of radio stations. The Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, and Estonia has been internationally recognised for its high rate of press freedom, having been ranked 3rd in the Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders. Estonia has two news agencies. The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries. As of \\\[update\\\] , there are 12 public holidays which come with a day off and 12 national holidays celebrated annually. Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food. Today, it includes many typical international foods. The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer. Traditionally in winter, jams, preserves, and pickles are brought to the table. Gathering and conserving fruits, mushrooms, and vegetables for winter has always been popular, but today gathering and conserving is becoming less common because everything can be bought from stores. However, preparing food for winter is still very popular in the countryside. Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in , Estonia first competed as a nation at the Summer Olympics , although the National Olympic Committee was established in Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in The Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in , Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics , weightlifting , wrestling and cross-country skiing. He narrowly missed a chance at a World Chess Championship match on five occasions. Kiiking , a relatively new sport, was invented in by Ado Kosk in Estonia. Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. The domestic top-tier basketball championship is called the Korvpalli Meistriliiga. University of Tartu team has won the league a record 26 times. Estonian clubs also participate in European and regional competitions. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in Summer Olympics , appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonian national team also competed at the EuroBasket Kelly Sildaru , an Estonian freestyle skier, won the gold medal in the slopestyle event in the Winter X Games. At age 13, she became the youngest gold medalist to date at a Winter X Games event, and the first person to win a Winter X Games medal for Estonia. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Estonia disambiguation. For the language, see Estonian language. Baltic country. Coat of arms. The Supreme Court and one ministry are based in Tartu. According to the Constitution of Estonia , Estonian is the sole official language. Russian is spoken in parts of Ida-Virumaa and Tallinn. Including 5. The ceded areas include most of the former Petseri County and areas east of the Narva river including Ivangorod Jaanilinn. Main article: Name of Estonia. Main article: History of Estonia. Main article: Swedish Estonia. Main article: Singing Revolution. Main article: Geography of Estonia. Main article: Climate of Estonia. Main articles: Fauna of Estonia and Protected areas of Estonia. Kersti Kaljulaid President. Main articles: Law of Estonia and Constitution of Estonia. Main articles: Foreign relations of Estonia and Diplomatic missions of Estonia. Main article: Economy of Estonia. Main article: Tallinn Stock Exchange. Main article: Demographics of Estonia. Residents of Estonia by ethnicity \\\[\\\] Estonians. Main article: List of cities and towns in Estonia. Largest cities or towns in Estonia \\\[\\\]. Main article: Religion in Estonia. Main article: Languages of Estonia. Main article: Education in Estonia. Main articles: Culture of Estonia and List of Estonians. Main article: Music of Estonia. Main article: Literature of Estonia. See also: Estophile. See also: List of Estonian films and List of Estonian war films. Main article: Architecture of Estonia. Main article: Public holidays in Estonia. Main article: Estonian cuisine. See also: Kama food , Kalev confectioner , Kohuke , and Verivorst. Main article: Sport in Estonia. Estonia portal. Retrieved 19 July Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 26 January International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 10 September United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 21 July CS1 maint: unfit url link. Retrieved 26 November ERR News. Retrieved 7 June Global Politician. Archived from the original on 28 June Retrieved 5 June Reports Without Borders. Retrieved 29 May The Economist. Retrieved 28 October Retrieved 20 October Laneman, Margot ed. Tartu University Press. Retrieved 21 January Retrieved 1 November Estonia: Identity and Independence. Through past millennia: archaeological discoveries in Estonia. A History of the Baltic States. Palgrave Macmillan. The Estonians; The long road to independence. Retrieved 27 December Estonian Journal of Archaeology. Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. Sigtuna hukkumine Haridus, 7—8 , pp. Retrieved 19 December In Barrett, James H. Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World. Maney Publishing. Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science. Retrieved 4 November Harvard University Press. A Concise History of the Baltic States. Cambridge University Press. Culture and Customs of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. Estland genom tiderna in Swedish. Jokipii, Mauno ed. Baltisk kultur och historia in Swedish. Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Uitgeverij Verloren. The History of the Baltic States. University of Michigan. Council of Europe. Estonia: Independence and European Integration. The Process of Political Succession. The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. Western Europe: Challenge and Change. Central and South-Eastern Europe Psychology Press. The Baltic States, Years of Dependence, — University of California Press. Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations. Scarecrow Press. Die Geschichte der baltischen Staaten. Lexington Books. Foreign Service Journal. American Foreign Service Association. Archived from the original PDF on 17 January Archived from the original on 29 June The white book: losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, — Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers. Baltic Facades: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since Reaktion Books. Demographic Research. Retrieved 7 January Encyclopedia of Soviet Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Ashgate Publishing. Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Estonian World. Retrieved 18 August Edward Elgar Publishing. The Baltic States After Independence. World Info Zone. Retrieved 2 June World InfoZone. Retrieved 20 February Retrieved 27 March Archived from the original on 22 February Bradt Travel Guides. Estonian Nature Tours. Autumn Archived from the original on 10 April Retrieved 26 December Marshall Cavendish. Estonian Environmental Board. Retrieved 23 February Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Retrieved 4 January Juridica International. Retrieved 14 January Laud P. NordSec Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol Springer Publishing. Retrieved 13 January In Albi, Anneli; Bardutzky, Samo eds. The Hague : T. Asser Press. Retrieved 16 January Retrieved 11 January Supreme Court of Estonia. Berghahn Books. In Thijs, Nick; Hammerschmid, Gerhard eds. Public administration characteristics and performance in EU Luxembourg : Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved 18 January Estonian Ministry of Finance. The law of nations: cases, documents, and notes. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australia. Retrieved 22 February European Commission. Archived from the original on 10 September Retrieved 11 August Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 November Archived from the original on 11 May Nordic Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 18 November Archived from the original on 18 October Nordic Investment Bank. December Irish Times. Retrieved 24 December Archived from the original PDF on 14 October Retrieved 23 July Estonian Foreign Ministry. Retrieved 19 September The Geopolitics of Euro-Atlantic Integration 1 ed. Estonian Defence Forces. Retrieved 28 December Estonian Ministry of Defence. Estonian Defence League. Retrieved 29 December The Irish Times. The Nordic EU Battlegroup'. European Union Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 2 January Archived from the original PDF on 27 October Archived from the original PDF on 8 May Retrieved 16 March Source: Eurostat, Eurogas, E3G. Estonian Export Directory. Retrieved 2 July Archived from the original on 2 November Archived from the original PDF on 11 July Retrieved 25 June Retrieved 31 March Retrieved 23 December Archived from the original on 14 November Retrieved 25 November Retrieved 13 June Doing Business. The World Bank. Retrieved 25 January New European Economy. Treasury Today. June Estonian Free Press. Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 22 November Archived from the original PDF on 6 August Housing Vacancies and Homeownership. US Census. Retrieved 22 July Does the state guarantee that oil shale reserves are used sustainably? National Audit Office of Estonia. Archived from the original on 13 December Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 1 December Retrieved 23 June Archived from the original on 21 October Auer CIA Factbook'. Archived from the original PDF on 25 March World Nuclear News. Retrieved 31 July Press release'. Lietuvos Energija. Archived from the original on 22 July Retrieved 13 July Retrieved 24 February Archived from the original on 7 February Google WorldBank. Retrieved 27 February Retrieved 8 August Archived from the original on 2 April Rahandusministeerium in Estonian. Retrieved 10 October Archived from the original on 7 August Statistics Estonia government agency at the area of administration of the Ministry of Finance. July Retrieved 19 June Archived from the original on 27 August BBC News. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 January Estonia is considered Protestant when classified by its historically predominant major religion Norris and Inglehart and thus some authors e. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October For this situation there are several reasons, starting from the distant past the close connection of the churches with the Swedish or German ruling classes up to the Soviet-period atheist policy when the chain of religious traditions was broken in most families. In Estonia, religion has never played an important role on the political or ideological battlefield. The institutional religious life was dominated by foreigners until the early 20th century. The tendencies that prevailed in the late s for closer relations between the state and Lutheran church \\\[ It is usually said that Estonia is a Protestant country; however, the overwhelming majority of Estonians, some 72 percent, are nonreligious. Estonia is the European Union EU country with the greatest percentage of people with no religious belief. This is in part, the result of Soviet actions and repression of religion. When the Soviet Union annexed Estonia in , church property was confiscated, many theologians were deported to Siberia, most of the leadership of Evangelical Lutheran Church went into exile, and religious instruction was banned. Many churches were destroyed in the German occupation of Estonia, from through , and in World War II — , and religion was actively persecuted in Estonia under Soviet rule until , when some measure of tolerance was introduced. Country Studies. Archived from the original PDF on 24 May Archived from the original on 5 March Retrieved 16 February Archived from the original PDF on 13 May Retrieved 12 May Retrieved 22 September Archived from the original on 11 August The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May Bristol; Buffalo: Multilingual Matters. Institute of the Estonian Language. Retrieved 12 August Archived from the original on 4 September Ministry of Education and Research. Archived from the original on 3 March Retrieved 22 August University of Tartu. Archived from the original on 17 June Retrieved 17 September Archived from the original on 21 June February Archived from the original on 9 July Kalja; J. Pruuden; B. Tamm; E. Tyugu In Detlef Kochan ed. Jaakkola; A. Kalja Technology Management: Strategies and Applications. World Bank. Retrieved 19 January New Scientist. Retrieved 3 April Postimees , 30 October The New Grove dictionary of music and musicians. Macmillan Publishers. The development of written Estonian. Indiana University. Basel: Collegium Basilea. Books and Writers kirjasto. Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 5 October Europe on a Shoestring. Lonely Planet. Campaigning in Europe. Riigi Teataja. Archived from the original on 6 January Archived from the original on 17 December Retrieved 24 September Climate Change Performance Index. International Tax Competitiveness Index. Jaak Kangilaski et al. IEA Estonia The European Union and its enlargement to the East. Book in Italian. London: Longman. Laar, Mart Tiina Ets. Washington, D. Lieven, Anatol New Haven: Yale University Press. Naylor, Aliide London: I. Raun, Toivo U. Estonia and the Estonians. Stanford, Calif. Smith, David J. London: Routledge. Smith, Graham, ed. New York: St. Taagepera, Rein Estonia: Return to Independence. Boulder, Colo. Taylor, Neil Estonia 4th ed. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania 3rd ed. London: Lonely Planet. Subrenat, Jean-Jacques , ed. Estonia, identity and independence. Outline Index. Articles related to Estonia. Ancient counties of Estonia. Counties of Estonia. Parishes Vallad of Estonia. Cities and towns Linnad of Estonia. Boroughs alevid ja alevikud of Estonia. Baltic states. Largest cities tallest buildings National parks. Baltic Tiger Housing bubble Busiest airports. Category Commons. Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe. States with limited recognition. Faroe Islands 1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark. Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty. Countries bordering the Baltic Sea. Member states of the European Union. United Kingdom Brexit relations. Future enlargement of the European Union. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. World Trade Organization. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Czechoslovakia — Saar assoc. Uralic languages. Lule Northern Pite Southern Ume. Erzya Moksha. Komi Zyrian Permyak Yodzyak Udmurt. Hungarian Khanty Mansi. Merya Meshcherian Muromian. Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Flag Coat of arms. Unitary parliamentary republic. Hong Kong \\\[a\\\]. United Arab Emirates. Tallinn Tartu. Orthodox Christians. Lutheran Christians. Christian Free Congregations. Independence Day. Midsummer Day. Freedom House Internet Freedom Climate Change Performance Index \\\[\\\]. Environmental Performance Index Index of Economic Freedom International Tax Competitiveness Index — \\\[\\\]. State of World Liberty Index Human Development Index \\\[\\\]. Corruption Perceptions Index Networked Readiness Index Ease of Doing Business Index World Freedom Index \\\[\\\]. Legatum Prosperity Index EF English Proficiency Index Programme for International Student Assessment Maths. Programme for International Student Assessment Science. Programme for International Student Assessment Reading. Outline Index Book Category Portal. Denmark Faroe Islands 1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark.
Территория Эстонии в составе России (начало 18 века – ). Эстония в – Эстония в – Эстонская Республика (с ). Хозяйство. Промышленность. Топливно-энергетический комплекс. Металлургия. Машиностроение и металлообработка. Химическая промышленность.
Купить Экстази (МДМА) на Hydra Маргилан
Эстония это одна из самых маленьких стран Европы. Она имеет увлекательную историю и предлагает туристам большое разнообразие ландшафтов от густых лесов до балтийских пляжей и прибрежных островов. Города и достопримечательности Эстонии. Практическая информация для туристов. Эстония — одна из самых маленьких стран Европы. Она имеет увлекательную историю, живую и энергичную культуру и предлагает туристам удивительное.
Estonia (Estonian: Eesti \[ˈeːsʲti\] (listen)), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side, to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side, to the south by Latvia ( km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( km). The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2, islands in the Baltic Sea.
Купить МДМА Без кидалова Пятигорск