English
Mule ✝️ይሄ ርዕስ ቀላል ስለሆነ በ Amharic አንፅፈዉም አንብባችሁ ተረዱት። ያልገባችሁ ካለ ጠይቁን Voice አዘጋጃለሁ።
part ❶
DISCOURSE MARKERS
Discourse markers are words and expressions which show the relationship between different parts of discourses or texts to present a logical arrangement of ideas.
ሀሳቦችን በ አንድ ላይ እንዲሄዱ ለማድረግ ይጠቅማሉ።
ሰለዚህ Discourse markers እንደዚህ ብለን መጥራት እንችላለን
👇👇👇👇👇👇
❶,linking words
❷,adverbial connectors
❸,introductory words
❹,cohesive devices
❺,conjunctions and
❻,other expressions
used to link/ join discourses together to make a coherently connected thoughts.
For example, discourse markers can be: Although, whereas, on the other hand, so as to, therefore, because, otherwise, in addition to, as well as, for instance, due to, firstly, of course, with regard to, by the way,I mean, anyhow, anyway, well, etc.
Let's see them in different adverb clauses
Markers of Clause of Contrast.
In contrast clause, the two sentences are in the opposite ideas/ thoughts.
"Adverbial clauses of contrast are statements of contrasting ideas and are also called concession clauses.
They are introduced by the following conjunctions:
although,but,even though,however
(nomatterhow),though,nevertheless,whereas,despite,nonetheless,while,in spite of,even so,yet,(preposition),
even if, In the contrary,
Although,though and even though are to mean the same.
Even though is probably more usual than though and although in speech. Though is less formal than although and even though.
They can come first or in the middle of a clause followed by a clause they introduce.
Examples
Although/Though/ Even though/ he had no qualifications, he got the job.
He got the job although/ even though he had no qualifications.
Although/ Even though/ Though you are rich, you can't do everything.
You can't do everything although/though/even though you are rich.
Note:In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence, but not although and even though.
Example
I ate most dairy products. I'm not keen on Yoghurt, though.
(NOT: although/even though)
That cheese smells awful! It tastes good,though,doesn't it?
(NOT:although/even though)
She says she will come; I don't think she'll, though.
Note: The clause after although/ even though/ though should agree with the second clause (contrast)
Compare
Although we went for picnic, it was raining. (wrong)
Although it was raining, we went for picnic. (right)
(= It was raining, but we went for picnic)
Even though I like maths, it is difficult. (wrong)
Even though it is difficult, I like maths. (right)
Note: We don't use another contrast expression with although/ even though/though.
Don't say:Although it's raining, yet he will go.
Say: Although it's raining, he will go.
Although/ though is the conjunction introducing the subordinate clause and the second one (yet or still) isn't required.
Although/ though/ even though are never followed by a noun/ pronoun/gerund.
* in spite of=preposition phrase
despite = preposition
They also link/ relate two opposing or contrasting statements.
They are to mean the same.
'Despite' is without the preposition 'of' (despite of = wrong)
'In spite of' is often three words (= in + spite + of)
Both are used with noun or gerund phrase, not with clause like although/even though
Example
He is a rich man. He is not generous.
® In spite of being rich, he is not generous. Despite being rich, he is not generous.
Or
He is not generous in spite of/ despite being rich.
Don't say: In spite being rich, he isn't generous.
Despite of being rich, he isn't generous.
Don't say: In spite of he is rich, he is not generous.
Despite he is rich, he is not generous.
Because the pattern after in spite of is clause.
Note:We can use although/though/even though with a similar meaning to in spite of/ despite.
Example
The food is excellent. Nobody will ever buy it.
In spite of its excellence, nobody will ever buy the food.
Although the food is excellent, nobody will never buy it.
Despite having few books, the library is a quiet place to study.
Even though it has few books, the library is a quiet place to study.
(Although + clause and despite + phrase)
Note: After in spite of or despite we use a noun, a pronoun,or-ing
In spite of the traffic, we arrived on time.
the traffic = noun phrase
Despite being tired, I couldn't sleep.
being tired = gerund phrase
In spite of having much money, we hasn't bought a car yet.
having much money = gerund phrase
Despite his laziness, he got the job.
his laziness = pronoun
In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.
what I said yesterday = pronoun phrase
Bullet point: In spite of is the opposite of because of
Compare
We went out in spite of the rain (despite the rain)
We didn't go out because of the rain.
We went out although it was raining.
We didn't go out because it was raining.
similar form to although/even though.
i.e. We use a clause after despite/ in spite of the fact that.
Example
Despite/ in spite of the fact that some parts of the country receive a lot of rain, other parts receive very little.
Or
Although/ Even though some parts of the country receive of a lot rain, other parts receive very little.
Despite/ In spite of the fact that she fell midway through the race, she won.
Or
Although/Though she fell midway through the race, she won.
Note: 'Even though' and 'even if'
Even though = despite the fact that; even if= weather or not