Dog

Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (, ), hunting (hounds, pointers), Other types of include , trained to detect ; In 1957, the dog became the first animal to be launched into , aboard the ' ; she died during the flight.

Various kinds of and , including , , , and provide assistance to individuals with disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[167]

Sports and shows

People often enter their dogs in competitions, including racing, sledding and agility competitions.

In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.

As food

Worldwide laws on killing dogs for

1the laws vary internally and/or they include exceptions for ritual/religious slaughter

Dog meat is consumed in some countries, including , , It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on the plains of northern China began to eschew eating dogs. This is likely due to the spread of Buddhism and Islam, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including dogs. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, despite the fact that the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward. and , also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as . In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties – being good for the lungs for instance. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.

In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the (누렁이), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.[179]

The most popular Korean dog dish is (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's , or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.[179]

Health risks to humans

In 2005, the reported that 55,000 people died in Asia and Africa from rabies, a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.[180]

Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while since 2007 this has increased to an average of 31.

A study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[186]

In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave.[187]

In the , and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.

(dog ) eggs in dog feces can cause . In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. that cause in humans.

Health benefits for humans

The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. have been criticised for being poorly controlled,

A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."

In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term.

The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety., can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.[205]

The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those who were not in an animal-assisted program.[208]

Shelters

Every year, between 6 and 8 million dogs and cats enter US . (HSUS) estimates that approximately 3 to 4 million of those dogs and cats are yearly in the United States. (with many shelters reporting 60–75%).[212]

In , , and , dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[213]

Mythology and religion

In ancient , from the until the , dogs were the symbol of , the goddess of healing and medicine, In the and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.[214]

In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.. In , is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of ., a bloody, four-eyed dog called guards ., two four-eyed dogs guard the ., is guarded by ., , the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of .[217]

The hunter god from region of has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines., Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning.

The role of the includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the ). Three of the 88 in western astronomy also represent dogs: (the Great Dog, whose brightest star, , is also called the Dog Star), (the Little Dog), and (the Hunting Dogs).

In , dogs represent faithfulness. denomination specifically, the iconography of includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly thereafter. (: Dominicanus) means "dogs of the Lord" or "hounds of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: domini canis). often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their from .[220]

does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.

The view on dogs in is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet".

Literature

In 's the , when the disguised returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, , who has been waiting for his return.

Art

Cultural depictions of extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. scenes were popular in the and the . Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.[224]

Education and appreciation

The American Kennel Club reopened a museum called "Museum of the Dog" in Manhattan after moving the attraction from outside of St. Louis.

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