Chemistry

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1. ^ "What is Chemistry?". Chemweb.ucc.ie. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
   


2. ^ Chemistry. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
   


3. ^ Carsten Reinhardt. Chemical Sciences in the 20th Century: Bridging Boundaries. Wiley-VCH, 2001. ISBN 3-527-30271-9. pp. 1–2.
   


4. ^ Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, Bruce Edward Bursten, H. Lemay. Chemistry: The Central Science. Prentice Hall; 8 edition (1999). ISBN 0-13-010310-1. pp. 3–4.
   


5. ^ "History of Alchemy". Alchemy Lab. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
   


6. ^ Strathern, P. (2000). Mendeleyev's Dream – the Quest for the Elements. New York: Berkley Books.
   


7. ^ a b "alchemy", entry in The Oxford English Dictionary, J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner, vol. 1, 2nd ed., 1989, ISBN 0-19-861213-3.
   


8. ^ p. 854, "Arabic alchemy", Georges C. Anawati, pp. 853–885 in Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science, eds. Roshdi Rashed and Régis Morelon, London: Routledge, 1996, vol. 3, ISBN 0-415-12412-3.
   


9. ^ Weekley, Ernest (1967). Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21873-2
   


10. ^ "chemical bonding". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
    


11. ^ Matter: Atoms from Democritus to Dalton by Anthony Carpi, Ph.D.
    


12. ^ IUPAC Gold Book Definition
    


13. ^ "California Occupational Guide Number 22: Chemists". Calmis.ca.gov. 1999-10-29. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
    


14. ^ "General Chemistry Online – Companion Notes: Matter". Antoine.frostburg.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
    


15. ^ Armstrong, James (2012). General, Organic, and Biochemistry: An Applied Approach. Brooks/Cole. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-534-49349-3.
    
16. ^ "IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry". Acdlabs.com. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
    


17. ^ Connelly, Neil G.; Damhus, Ture; Hartshorn, Richard M.; Hutton, Alan T. (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005. RSCPublishing. pp. 5–12. ISBN 978-0-85404-438-2.
    


18. ^ Hill, J.W.; Petrucci, R.H.; McCreary, T.W.; Perry, S.S. (2005). General Chemistry (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 37.
    


19. ^ M.M. Avedesian; Hugh Baker. Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys. ASM International. p. 59.
    


20. ^ "Official SI Unit definitions". Bipm.org. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
    
21. ^ Visionlearning. "Chemical Bonding by Anthony Carpi, Ph". visionlearning. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
    


22. ^ Reilly, Michael. (2007). Mechanical force induces chemical reaction, NewScientist.com news service, Reilly
    


23. ^ Changing States of Matter – Chemforkids.com
    


24. ^ Chemical Reaction Equation – IUPAC Goldbook
    


25. ^ Gold Book Chemical Reaction IUPAC Goldbook
    


26. ^ "The Lewis Acid-Base Concept". Apsidium. May 19, 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2010-07-31.[unreliable source?]
    


27. ^ "History of Acidity". Bbc.co.uk. 2004-05-27. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
    


28. ^ Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry
    


29. ^ Boyle, Robert (1661). The Sceptical Chymist. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. (reprint). ISBN 978-0-486-42825-3.
    


30. ^ Glaser, Christopher (1663). Traite de la chymie. Paris. as found in: Kim, Mi Gyung (2003). Affinity, That Elusive Dream – A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-11273-4.
    


31. ^ Stahl, George, E. (1730). Philosophical Principles of Universal Chemistry. London.
    


32. ^ Dumas, J.B. (1837). 'Affinite' (lecture notes), vii, p 4. "Statique chimique", Paris: Académie des Sciences
    


33. ^ Pauling, Linus (1947). General Chemistry. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.
    


34. ^ Chang, Raymond (1998). Chemistry, 6th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-115221-1.
    


35. ^ First chemists, February 13, 1999, New Scientist
    


36. ^ Barnes, Ruth. Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies. Routledge. p. 1.
    


37. ^ Lucretius (50 BCE). "de Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things)". The Internet Classics Archive. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
    


38. ^ Simpson, David (29 June 2005). "Lucretius (c. 99–55 BCE)". The Internet History of Philosophy. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
    


39. ^ Strodach, George K. (2012). The Art of Happiness. New York: Penguin Classics. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-14-310721-7.
    


40. ^ Fr. 12; see pp.291–2 of Kirk, G. S.; J. E. Raven; Malcolm Schofield (1983). The Presocratic Philosophers (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27455-5.
    


41. ^ Long, A. A.; D. N. Sedley (1987). "Epicureanism: The principals of conservation". The Hellenistic Philosophers. Vol 1: Translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-521-27556-9.
    


42. ^ "International Year of Chemistry – The History of Chemistry". G.I.T. Laboratory Journal Europe. Feb 25, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
    


43. ^ Bryan H. Bunch & Alexander Hellemans (2004). The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-618-22123-3.
    


44. ^ Morris Kline (1985) Mathematics for the nonmathematician. Courier Dover Publications. p. 284. ISBN 0-486-24823-2
    


45. ^ Marcelin Berthelot, Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (3 vol., Paris, 1887–1888, p. 161); F. Sherwood Taylor, "The Origins of Greek Alchemy," Ambix 1 (1937), 40.
    


46. ^ Derewenda, Zygmunt S.; Derewenda, ZS (2007). "On wine, chirality and crystallography". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 64 (Pt 1): 246–258 [247]. Bibcode:2008AcCrA..64..246D. doi:10.1107/S0108767307054293. PMID 18156689.
    


47. ^
    John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair", Third World Quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, pp. 815–830.
    


48. ^ Dr. A. Zahoor (1997), Jâbir ibn Hayyân (Geber)
    


49. ^ Paul Vallely, How Islamic inventors changed the world, The Independent, 10 March 2006
    


50. ^ Kraus, Paul, Jâbir ibn Hayyân, Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque,. Cairo (1942–1943). Repr. By Fuat Sezgin, (Natural Sciences in Islam. 67–68), Frankfurt. 2002:
    

    To form an idea of the historical place of Jabir's alchemy and to tackle the problem of its sources, it is advisable to compare it with what remains to us of the alchemical literature in the Greek language. One knows in which miserable state this literature reached us. Collected by Byzantine scientists from the tenth century, the corpus of the Greek alchemists is a cluster of incoherent fragments, going back to all the times since the third century until the end of the Middle Ages.
    

    
    

    "The efforts of Berthelot and Ruelle to put a little order in this mass of literature led only to poor results, and the later researchers, among them in particular Mrs. Hammer-Jensen, Tannery, Lagercrantz, von Lippmann, Reitzenstein, Ruska, Bidez, Festugiere and others, could make clear only few points of detail…
    

    
    

    The study of the Greek alchemists is not very encouraging. An even surface examination of the Greek texts shows that a very small part only was organized according to true experiments of laboratory: even the supposedly technical writings, in the state where we find them today, are unintelligible nonsense which refuses any interpretation.
    

    
    

    It is different with Jabir's alchemy. The relatively clear description of the processes and the alchemical apparatuses, the methodical classification of the substances, mark an experimental spirit which is extremely far away from the weird and odd esotericism of the Greek texts. The theory on which Jabir supports his operations is one of clearness and of an impressive unity. More than with the other Arab authors, one notes with him a balance between theoretical teaching and practical teaching, between the `ilm and the `amal. In vain one would seek in the Greek texts a work as systematic as that which is presented for example in the Book of Seventy."
    

    
    

    (cf. Ahmad Y Hassan. "A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem: Part Three". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-08-09.)
    

    
    


51. ^ Will Durant (1980). The Age of Faith (The Story of Civilization, Volume 4), p. 162-186. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-01200-2.
    


52. ^ Cite error: The named reference meyerhoff was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    


53. ^ Ragai, Jehane (1992). "The Philosopher's Stone: Alchemy and Chemistry". Journal of Comparative Poetics. 12 (Metaphor and Allegory in the Middle Ages): 58–77. doi:10.2307/521636. JSTOR 521636.
    


54. ^ Holmyard, E. J. (1924). "Maslama al-Majriti and the Rutbatu'l-Hakim". Isis. 6 (3): 293–305. doi:10.1086/358238.
    


55. ^ Marmura, Michael E.; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1965). "An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan Al-Safa'an, Al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina by Seyyed Hossein Nasr". Speculum. 40 (4): 744–746. doi:10.2307/2851429. JSTOR 2851429.
    


56. ^ Robert Briffault (1938). The Making of Humanity, pp. 196–197.
    


57. ^ Alakbarov, Farid (2001). "A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution". Azerbaijan International. 9: 2.
    


58. ^ "Robert Boyle, Founder of Modern Chemistry" Harry Sootin (2011)
    


59. ^ "History – Robert Boyle (1627–1691)". BBC. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
    


60. ^ Eagle, Cassandra T.; Jennifer Sloan (1998). "Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry". The Chemical Educator. 3 (5): 1–18. doi:10.1007/s00897980249a.
    


61. ^ Mi Gyung Kim (2003). Affinity, that Elusive Dream: A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution. MIT Press. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-262-11273-4.
    


62. ^ Chemistry 412 course notes. "A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table". Western Oregon University. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
    


63. ^ Note: "...it is surely true that had Mendeleev never lived modern chemists would be using a Periodic Table" and "Dmitri Mendeleev". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
    


64. ^ Davy, Humphry (1808). "On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new Substances, which constitute their Bases". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 98: 1–45. doi:10.1098/rstl.1808.0001.
    


65. ^ Winter, Mark. "WebElements: the periodic table on the web". The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
    


66. ^ "Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
    


67. ^ "What makes these family likenesses among the elements? In the 1860s everyone was scratching their heads about that, and several scientists moved towards rather similar answers. The man who solved the problem most triumphantly was a young Russian called Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, who visited the salt mine at Wieliczka in 1859." Bronowski, Jacob (1973). The Ascent of Man. Little, Brown and Company. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-316-10930-7.
    


68. ^ "Chemistry". Chemistry2011.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
    


69. ^ Ihde, Aaron John (1984). The Development of Modern Chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-486-64235-2.
    


70. ^ W.G. Laidlaw; D.E. Ryan And Gary Horlick; H.C. Clark, Josef Takats, And Martin Cowie; R.U. Lemieux (1986-12-10). "Chemistry Subdisciplines". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-06-12.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    


71. ^ Herbst, Eric (May 12, 2005). "Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 109 (18): 4017–4029. Bibcode:2005JPCA..109.4017H. doi:10.1021/jp050461c. PMID 16833724.
    


72. ^ Tullo, Alexander H. (28 July 2014). "C&EN's Global Top 50 Chemical Firms For 2014". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
    

• Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2009) [1992]. Elements of Physical Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922672-6.


• Burrows, Andrew; Holman, John; Parsons, Andrew; Pilling, Gwen; Price, Gareth (2009). Chemistry3. Italy: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927789-6.


• Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2008) [2001]. Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.

• Atkins, P.W., Overton, T., Rourke, J., Weller, M. and Armstrong, F. Shriver and Atkins inorganic chemistry (4th edition) 2006 (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-926463-5


• Chang, Raymond. Chemistry 6th ed. Boston: James M. Smith, 1998. ISBN 0-07-115221-0.


• Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2001). Organic Chemistry (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850346-0.


• Voet and Voet Biochemistry (Wiley) ISBN 0-471-58651-X

• Atkins, P.W. Physical Chemistry (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-879285-9


• Atkins, P.W. et al. Molecular Quantum Mechanics (Oxford University Press)


• McWeeny, R. Coulson's Valence (Oxford Science Publications) ISBN 0-19-855144-4


• Pauling, L. The Nature of the chemical bond (Cornell University Press) ISBN 0-8014-0333-2


• Pauling, L., and Wilson, E.B. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry (Dover Publications) ISBN 0-486-64871-0


• Smart and Moore Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction (Chapman and Hall) ISBN 0-412-40040-5


• Stephenson, G. Mathematical Methods for Science Students (Longman) ISBN 0-582-44416-0

• General Chemistry principles, patterns and applications.