CHEMISTRY

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Introduction

Father of Chemistry 

Ans : Robert Boyle 

The author of the book 'Sceptical Chymist' is 

Ans : Robert Boyle 

Father of Modern Chemistry

Ans : Antoine Lavoisier 

Father of Indian Chemistry 

Ans : P.C.Roy

Father of Organic Chemistry 

Ans : Friedrich Wohler 

Ancient Chemistry is known as 

Ans : Alchemy

Ancient Chemists were known as 

Ans : Alchemists

The scientist known as the father of Sodapop 

Ans : Joseph Priestly 

International year of chemistry 

Ans : 2011

New methods used in chemistry which aim to reduce pollution are called

Ans : Green Chemistry

The term Green Chemistry was coined by

Ans : Paul.T.Anastas

STATES OF MATTER

There are seven stable physical states

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

4) Plasma

5) Bose- Einstein condensate (Super atom)

6) Fermionic condensate

7) Super Fluidity

■DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

The concept dual nature of Matter was put forward by

Ans : Louis de-Broglie

The construction of electron microscope was based on 

Ans : Dual Nature of Matter 

The dual nature of electrons was

Ans : I.H.Germer

ATOM

Basic unit of Chemistry

Ans : Atom

Smallest units of a matter

Ans : Atom

Atom was derived from a greek word

Ans : 'Atomos' (means indivisible)

Atom was discovered by

Ans : John Dalton

Law of Multiple Proportion was put forward by

Ans : John Dalton

The term 'atom' was coined by

Ans : Ostwald

The fundamental particles of an atom

Ans : Proton, Electron and Neutron

The central part of an atom

Ans : Nucleus

The sub atomic particles of Nucleus

Ans : Protons and Neutrons

Heaviest sub atomic particle

Ans : Neutron

Lightest sub atomic particle

Ans : Electron

Moving particle of an atom 

Ans : Electron

The charge of an electron is 

Ans : Negative

Protons and Neutrons are collectively known as

Ans : Nucleons

Chemical property of a substance is determined by

Ans : Electrons

The smallest atom

Ans : Helium (He)

The simplest atom

Ans : Hydrogen (H)

Biggest known atom

Ans : Francium (Fr)

The unit of measuring mass of an atom 

Ans : Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

1 atomic mass unit is equal to 

Ans : 1.6605 xlO’27 Kg 

The element used to find amu 

Ans : Carbon-12

ELECTRONS

Electron is discovered by 

Ans : JJ.Thomson

The name Electron was proposed by

Ans : Stoney

Charge of an electron

Ans : 1.6 x 10-19C (determined by Millikan)

Mass of electron

Ans : 9.1 x 10_31kg 

Dual nature of electron 

Ans : Louis-de-broglie

PROTON

Proton was discovered by

Ans : Ernest Rutherford

The identity card of an element

Ans : Proton

The mass of a proton is

Ans : 1.672 x 10^-27 kg

The theory of Proton was presented by

Ans : William Prout

NEUTRON

Neutron was discovered by

Ans : James Chadwick in 1932

The heaviest fundamental particle of an atom

Ans : Neutron

The least stable particle

Ans : Neutron

Neutrons are bound very tightly

Chargeless particle of an atom

Ans : Neutron

The atom without neutron

Ans : Protium (Isotope of Hydrogen)

Atomic number - It is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic number is denoted by the alphabet 

Ans : Z

Mass number - The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number is denoted by 

Ans : A

Anti particle of the neutron with the same mass of neutron

Ans : Anti neutron

Anti particle of the proton with the same mass of proton

Ans : Anti proton

Nuclear particle with the mass of an electron but opposite charge

Ans : Positron

Atomic Theory

Ans : John Dalton 

Uncertainty Principle

Ans : Werner Heisenberg 

Structure of Atom 

Ans : Niels Bohr 

Plum Pudding Model 

Ans : J.J. Thomson  

Wave Mechanics Model 

Ans : Max Planck  

Electron (-ve charge)

Ans : J.J. Thomson  

Proton (ve charge)

Ans : Ernest Rutherford  

Neutron (No charge)

Ans : James Chadwick 

Nucleus (ve charge)

Ans : Ernest Rutherford 

Positron (ve charge)

Ans : Carl Anderson  

Antineutron (No charge)

Ans : Bruce Cork 

The combining capacity of one atom to another

Ans : Valency

Atom is bigger than its nucleus 

Ans : 10^5 times

Electrons move in a circular path called 

Ans : Orbit

The maximum number of elements in an orbit is 

Ans : 2

The orbit followed by a moving electrons around the nucleus of an atom 

Ans : Shell

The maximum number of electrons in a shell

Ans : 2n2 (n = Number of shell)

MOLECULE

Smallest particle of a substance having all its properties

Ans : Molecule

The term molecule was coined by 

Ans : Avogadro

The number of molecules obtained in 1 mole of gas is called

Ans : Avogadro Number 

Avagadro Number

Ans : 6.023 xl023/mol 

International mole day 

Ans : October 23 

The bricks of Universe 

Ans : Molecules

The SI Unit of the amount of substance 

Ans : Mole

A molecule made up of only one kind of atom is called

Ans : Monoatomic molecule

A molecule made up of two kinds of atom is called

Ans : Diatomic molecule

ELEMENTS

Substance which is composed of similar kind of atoms is called

Ans : Elements

The scientist who proved that the elements are made up of atoms

Ans : John Dalton

The term 'elements' was coined by

Ans : Robert Boyle

The first scientist who gave a definition to element is

Ans : Robert Boyle

The scientist who gave symbols for elements on the basis of their names

Ans : JohnJ.Berzelius

The scientist who classified elements into Metals and Non-metals

Ans : Lavoisier

Elements are classified into

Ans : Metals, non-metals and metalloids

Metals: Elements that conduct electricity and heat which tends to lose electrons

Non-Metals : Elements that do not conduct electricity and heat which tends to accept electrons.

Metalloids: Elements showing properties of both metals and non-metals

The international association which gives names of elements

Ans : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

The headquarters of IUPAC

Ans : Zurich (Switzerland)

The most abundant element in the universe

Ans : Hydrogen

The second most abundant element in the universe

Ans : Helium

The only radio active element in liquid form

Ans : Francium

The only radio active element in gaseous form 

Ans : Radon

The most electro positive stable element 

Ans : Cesium

COMPOUND

The combination of two or more elements is called

Ans : Compounds

The separation of a compound into its elements by chemical means is called

Ans : Analysis

The formation of a compound by the union of elements is called

Ans : Synthesis

Examples: Water, Steam, Salt etc.

The recently discovered chemical compound for the treatment of cancer

Ans : Cisplatin

The element which forms largest number of compounds

Ans : Carbon

The second element which forms largest number of compounds

Ans : Hydrogen

COMPOUNDS AND ITS USES

Silver Iodide

Ans : For artificial rain  

Formaldehyde

Ans : Preservation of dead bodies  

Sodium citrate

Ans : Anti coagulant in blood bank

Sodium Benzoate

Ans : For preservation of grains and food

Silver Bromide

Ans : Manufacturing of photo films

Freon

Ans : Used in refrigerator as coolant 

Sodium Peroxide

Ans : Air purifier in submarines  

Carbon dioxide

Ans : Used in Fire extinguisher

MIXTURES

Two or more substances (elements or compounds or both) that do not combine chemically during the mixing 

Ans : Mixtures

The two kinds of mixtures are :

Ans : Heterogeneous mixture and Homogeneous mixture 

Heterogeneous mixture

Ans : Having more than one phase 

Eg: Concrete, Wood 

Homogeneous mixture

Ans : Having same proportions of its compounds through out a given sample. Two or more components are so evenly distributed in Homogeneous mixture

Eg: Quartz, Glass, Air

COLLOID AND EMULSION

A mixture of two faces of the matter is called

Ans : Colloid

Eg : Emulsion, Aerosols, Fog, Milk 

A colloidal solution formed between two liquids is called 

Ans : Emulsion

A colloid formed between gas particles and liquid or solid particles 

Ans : Foam

Colloid which contains particles of liquid or solid dispersed in gas 

Ans : Aerosol

ISOTOPES

Atoms of the same element having same atomic number and different mass number are known as

Ans : Isotopes

Isotope was discovered by 

Ans : Frederick Soddy

ISOTOPE AND ITS USAGE

Carbon 14

Ans : Used to determine the age of fossils

Cobalt 60

Ans : Used for the treatment of cancer  

Phosphorous 32

Ans : Used for the treatment of skin cancer

Oxygen 15, Iodine - 131 

Ans : Used as medicine

Isotopes differ in the number of 

Ans : Neutrons

The isotopes of hydrogen are

Ans : Protium, Deuterium, Tritium

ISOBARS

Elements having same mass number and different atomic number are known as 

Ans : Isobars

Eg : Calcium - 40 (20 Ca^40), Argon - 40 (18Ar^40)

The term Isobars was suggested by 

Ans : Alfred Walter Stewart

ISOTONES

Atoms of elements- having same number of neutrons are called 

Ans : Isotones

eg : Helium (2He^4) and Tritium (1H^3) (both contain 2 neutrons)

The term Isotones was formed by 

Ans : K.Guggenheimer

ISOMERS

Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures are known as

Ans : Isomers

Eg: Glucose (C^6H^12O^6),Fructose (C^6H^12O^6)

ALLOTROPES

Different forms of the same element with different physical appearances are known as

Ans : Allotropes

Eg: Diamond, Graphite and Charcoal

are the allotropes of Carbon

The allotrope of Oxygen

Ans : Ozone

PERIODIC TABLE

An arrangement of elements with similar properties placed together is called

Ans : Periodic Table

Mendeleev's periodic table was based on

Ans : increasing order of atomic mass

Moseley's periodic table was based on the

Ans : atomic number of elements

The modern periodic table is based on

Ans : atomic number

Modern periodic table contains

Ans : 7 horizontal rows and 18 vertical columns

 The periodic table was discovered by

Ans : Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Modern periodic table was discovered by

Ans : Henry Moseley

Periodic laws were put forward by

Ans : Mendeleev

Modern periodic laws were put forward by

Ans : Moseley

The scientist who classified elements based on Atomic Values is

Ans : Lothar Meyer

The rows are called

Ans : Periods

Columns are called

Ans : Groups

The left side of the periodic table denotes

Ans : Metals

The right side of the periodic table denotes

Ans : Non-metals

ELEMENTS  SCIENTISTS

Hydrogen - Henry Cavendish

Oxygen  - Joseph Priestly

Selenium - Berzelius

Thorium - Berzelius

Calcium - Humphry Davy

Sodium - Humphry Davy

Potassium - Humphry Davy

Boron - Humphry Davy

Barium - Humphry Davy

Uranium - Martin Klaproth

Radium - Madam Curie

Nitrogen - Daniel Rutherford

Fluorine - Henri Moissan

Iodine - Bernard Courtois

Chlorine - Carl Wilhelm Scheele

BHC - Michael Faraday

Methane - Alexander Volta

Titanium - William Gregor 

Aluminium - Hans Orsted

Nitrous Oxide - Joseph Priestly

DDT - Paul Muller

Most abundant element on earth's crust - Oxygen

Most abundant metal in earth's crust - Aluminium

Most abundant metalloid in earth's crust - Silicon

Most abundant element in atmosphere - Nitrogen

Most abundant element in the universe - Hydrogen

Most abundant element in human body - Oxygen

Most abundant gas in atmosphere - Nitrogen

Most abundant element in sea water - Chlorine

Most abundant element in moon's surface - Titanium

Most abundant metal present in human body and bones - Calcium

Most abundant metal compound in bones - Calcium phosphate

Most abundant compound on earth's surface - Water (H2O)

Most abundant compound in sea water - Sodium Chloride

Second most abundant compound in sea water - Magnesium Chloride

Most chemically reactive element - Fluorine

Second most chemically reactive element - Chlorine

The lightest and simplest element - Hydrogen

The lightest metal - Lithium

The rarest element in the earth - Astatine

The heaviest element - Osmium

The heaviest gaseous element - Radon

First man made element - Technetium

Most stable element - Lead

The periodic table is divided into 4 main blocks

S block - elements of group 1 and 2

P block - elements of group 13 to 18

D block - elements of group 3 to 12

F block - Lanthanides and Actinides 

The shortest period of the periodic table

Ans : First period

The longest period of the periodic table 

Ans : Sixth period

Elements with atomic number 57-71 are known as

Ans : Lanthanides (rare earths) 

Elements with atomic number 89-103 are known as

Ans : Actinides (radio active rare earths) 

Total number of elements in periodic table 

Ans : 118

The number of naturally occurring elements

Ans : 92

CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS

1st group -Alkali metals

2nd group- Alkaline earth metals 

3-12 group -Transition elements   

13thgroup -Boron family

14thgroup -Carbon family

15thgroup - Nitrogen family 

16thgroup - Oxygen family

17thgroup - Halogen 

18thgroup - Noble gas

The first artificial element

Ans : Technetium (Z = 43)

Man made elements are known as

Ans : Transuranics

CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODIC TABLE

Features Top to bottom Left to right

Atomic size         increases              decreases

Ionization Energy decreases              increases   

Electron affinity       decreases             increases   

Ionization potential decreases             increases   

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Metals and non-metals 

Ans : Lavoisier 

Triads

Ans : Dobereiner

Law of octaves

Ans : John Newland

Based on atomic weight 

Ans : Mendeleev

Based on atomic number 

Ans : Moseley

Element present in 1,2 and 13-18 groups are known as

Ans : Representative elements 

All transitive elements are 

Ans : Metals

Transitive elements form

Ans : Coloured compounds

ELEMENTS WITH SPECIAL NAMES

Name of earth - Tellurium (52)

Name of Moon - Selenium (34)

Name of Sun - Helium (2)

Name of Asteroid - Palladium (46) 

Honour of women - Curium (96), Meitnerium (109)

Name of Ceres - Cerium(58)

Name of Uranus - Uranium (92)

Name of Neptune - Neptunium (93)

Name of Pluto - Plutonium (94)

ROOM TEMPERATURE CASES

The liquid metal at room temperature 

Ans : Mercury

The liquid non-metal at room temperature 

Ans : Bromine

Two elements which are liquids at room temperature

Ans : Bromine, Mercury

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

The ability of an atom to accept the electrons during molecular bond formulation is known as

Ans : Electro negativity

Electronegativity was discovered by

Ans : Linus Pauling

Electronegativity scale was invented by

Ans : Linus Pauling

The element which has most electronegativity

Ans : Fluorine

The elements which have least electronegativity

Ans : Francium, Caesium

CAESIUM

The metal used in atomic clocks

The metal which shows least expansion

Most electro positive stable element

Element having least electro negativity

ELEMENT SYMBOL LATIN NAME

Iron            Fe             Ferrum

Gold            Au             Aurum

Silver            Ag             Argentum

Copper             Cu              Cuprum

Antimony          Sb             Stibium

Mercury         Hg             Hydrargyrum

Sodium        Na             Natrium

Tungsten         W             Wolfram

Tin                Sn             Stannum

Potassium          K             Kalium

Lead            Pb             Plumbum

ATOMIC NO. ELEMENTS SYMBOLS

113 Nihonium        Nh

115 Moscovium        Mc

117 Tennessine        Ts

118 Oganesson        Og

TYPES OF REACTIONS

Two types of reactions are

Ans : Physical and Chemical reactions

PHYSICAL REACTION

A reaction in which no new substance is produced is called

Ans : Physical reaction It can be reversed

eg : Freezing, Melting

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