Brazil

Brazil is the world's energy consumer with much of its energy coming from , particularly and ; the is the world's largest by energy generation.

Recent oil discoveries in the have opened the door for a large increase in oil production., and the .[275]

Tourism

Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in and second in after ..[280]

Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of with and , mainly sun and beach, and , as well as . Among the most popular destinations are the , and in the , the in the , beaches at and , cultural tourism in and business trips to .[281]

In terms of the 2015 (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28st place at the world's level, third in the , after and .

Brazil's main competitive advantages are its natural resources, which ranked 1st on this criteria out of all countries considered, and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many . The TTCI report notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality of roads ranking in 105th place; and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 114th), due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high prices and high taxation. Safety and security have improved significantly: 75th in 2011, up from 128th in 2008.[283]

According to the (WTO), international travel to Brazil accelerated in 2000, particularly during 2004 and 2005. However, in 2006 a slow-down took place, and international arrivals had almost no growth in 2007–08.[286]

In spite of this trend, revenues from international tourism continued to rise, from 4 billion in 2005 to 5 billion in 2007, despite 330 000 fewer arrivals. This favorable trend is the result of the strong devaluation of the US dollar against the , which began in 2004, but which makes Brazil a more expensive international destination.[287]

This trend changed in 2009, when both visitors and revenues fell as a result of the of 2008–09. In 2011 the historical record was reached with 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts.

Despite continuing record-breaking international tourism revenues, the number of Brazilian tourists travelling overseas has been growing steadily since 2003, resulting in a net negative balance, as more money is spent abroad by Brazilians than comes in as receipts from international tourists visiting Brazil.[289]

Tourism expenditures abroad grew from US$5.8 billion in 2006, to US$8.2 billion in 2007, a 42% increase, representing a net deficit of US$3.3 billion in 2007, as compared to US$1.5 billion in 2006, a 125% increase from the previous year. to travel and making relatively cheaper expenditures abroad.

In 2005, tourism contributed with 3.2% of the country's revenues from exports of goods and services, and represented 7% of direct and indirect employment in the Brazilian economy.

Domestic tourism is a fundamental market segment for the industry, as 51 million people traveled throughout the country in 2005, 5.6 times more receipts than international tourists in 2005.

In 2005, , , , and were the most visited cities by international tourists for leisure trips. The most popular destinations for business trips were , and . were the most popular destinations for business trips.

Science and technology

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies., the , the Air Force's , the and the .

The has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of . Owner of relative technological sophistication, the country develops , aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the the integrate team building (ISS).[300]

The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves.
is enriched at the , mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% from its electricity from

Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a company with its own , the .

Brazil also has a large number of outstanding scientific personalities. Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests , and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides ,,,

Brazilian science is represented by the likes of (Brazilian Pathfinder of ), (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil), (only Brazilian physicist holder of the UNESCO Science Prize), (the first Latin American winner of the ) (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin).[315]

Transport

Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002. The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 184,140 km (114,419 mi) (114,425 mi) in 2002.[318]

The first investments in road infrastructure have given up in the 1920s, the government of , being pursued in the governments of and . (1956–61), who designed and built the capital , was another supporter of highways. Kubitschek was responsible for the installation of major car manufacturers in the country (, and arrived in Brazil during his rule) and one of the points used to attract them was support for the construction of highways. With the implementation of in 1976 ending an automobile market closed loop, from the end of the 1990s the country has received large foreign direct investments installing in its territory other major car manufacturers and utilities, such as , , , , , , , , among others..[321]

Brazil's system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to construction. The total length of railway track was 30,875 km (19,185 mi) in 2002, as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belonged to the Federal Railroad Corporation RFFSA, which was privatized in 2007. was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in , , , , , and .

The country has an extensive rail network of 28,538 kilometres (17,733 miles) in length, the tenth largest network in the world., that will connect the two main cities of the country to carry passengers.

There are about 2,500 in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States., near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.[325]

For freight transport are of importance, e.g. the can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway (3,250 kilometres (2,020 miles) with 6 metres (20 feet) minimum depth). The country also has 50,000 kilometres (31,000 miles) of waterways.[323]

Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free at . Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important.

Health

The Brazilian system, the (SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government, On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.[331]

Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2012, Brazil had 1.85 doctors and 2.3 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.

Despite all the progress made since the creation of the system in 1988, there are still several public health problems in Brazil. In 2006, the main points to be solved were the high (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (73.1 deaths per 1000 births).[334]

The number of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as (151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors such as car accidents, violence and suicide caused 14.9% of all deaths in the country. (WHO) in 2000.[335]

Education

The and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education determine that the , the , the , and the must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.[336]

According to the , in 2011, the literacy rate of the population was 90.4%, meaning that 13 million (9.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country; functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.

Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential , which may offer different options of specialization in academic or professional careers. Depending on the choice, students can improve their educational background with courses of post-graduate studies or broad sense.

Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. , and medium education are required of all students, provided the student does not hold any disability, whether physical, , or .

The is the second best in , according to recent 2019 . Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian. Most of them are .[339]

Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. However, efforts to change this are making impacts.[340]

Media and communication

The Brazilian press was officially born in on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the .[342]

The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808. nowadays are , Super Notícia, and .[344]

Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President Pessoa, and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro."[345]

Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of by ., , , and . Today it is the most important factor in popular culture of Brazilian society, indicated by research showing that as much as 67% of the general population follow the same daily broadcast. Digital Television, using the standard (based on the Japanese standard ), was adopted on 29 June 2006 and launched on 2 November 2007., an international , initially broadcasting to 49 countries., and .

The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.[355] The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.

The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478. Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the , even though the underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years
It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050.[361]

In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48% (ages 15–19) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.

Race and ethnicity

According to the (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as ; 43.80% (about 83 million) as (), 6.84% (about 13 million) as ; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as ; and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as (officially called indígena, Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.[366]

In 2007, the estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of in the world.[367]

Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country (with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% to 77%).

Brazilian society is more , although a high is found , so and can be conflated. Socially significant closeness to one racial group more in the basis of appearance () rather than ancestry, to the extent that full can pertain to different "racial" groups. factors are also significant, because a minority of are likely to start declaring themselves White or Black if socially upward.[379]

The brown population (officially called in Portuguese, also colloquially ) is a broad category that includes (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).

Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba and also in northern Maranhão, southern Minas Gerais. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of , , , , , , , , , , and origin.. Brazil has the second largest Jewish community in Latin America making up 0.06% of its population.[392]

Religion

Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples. and in some instances, 's (a religion which incorporates elements of and Christianity). Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century, The most common Protestant denominations are and ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the , , and the .[397]