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I just finished reading ‘The Life of Mahatma Gandhi’ by Louis Fischer and one word that can describe my feeling at the moment is awe. We were taught in school about India’s history, about our freedom struggle, about our fearless leaders and their countless sacrifices. We studied the contributions of leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, Ambedkar, Lajpat Rai et al to our struggle for independence, but as we grow up and become enmeshed in the humdrum of our daily activities, these names begin to have diminishing relevance in our lives.So what brought me, a humble fiction reader, to pick up a 526 pager, non-fiction account of the life of M.K Gandhi, authored by a foreign journalist? To begin with, it was a debate with my friends about Gandhi, which started with the discussion about Nathuram Godse, the man who shot Gandhi on 30th January, 1948. Was Gandhi a saint or an evil genius? Was he a soft-hearted democrat or a dictator with a soft touch? Was he responsible for the partition of India or was he heart-broken over the vivisection of his beloved nation that he struggled so hard to keep unified? Was he a saviour of the backward classes or did he strive to keep them suppressed? These were some of the debatable points that came up. Even the biggest detractors of Gandhi among my friends reluctantly admitted that Gandhi “was not a bad man per se”.My mind was made up. I couldn’t participate in a debate effectively unless I was well-equipped with the facts. I needed an objective, neutral biography on Gandhi. Louis Fischer was a journalist who worked in Europe and Asia. He spent considerable time in pre-independence India hobnobbing with prominent Indian leaders, not only Congressmen but also Muslim League leaders like Jinnah. I am happy to report that I was not in the least disappointed. The biography presents an unbiased, objective narrative of the life of Gandhi. The facts are presented to the reader, allowing her to draw her own conclusions. The same action of Gandhi may appear genius to one reader while leaving another reader unimpressed. It is an excellent book for anybody interested in Indian history. To understand the psyche of the Indian society today, it is imperative to understand how it all began. I give a five star rating to this book. And here I list down some of the facts presented in the book that have left an indelible impression on my mind:1. Mahatma Gandhi died on 30th January, 1948 as a private citizen without wealth, property, official title, official post, academic distinction, scientific achievement or artistic gift. Yet men with governments and armies behind the paid homage to the little brown man of seventy-eight in a loincloth. Some of the people who paid homage to Mahatma Gandhi included Albert Einstein, Pope Pius, the Dalai Lama of Tibet, the chief Rabbi of London, the United Nations, the Soviet Union, and the people of India and millions of people all over the world.2. The Gita was Gandhi’s ‘spiritual reference book’, his daily guide. It condemned inaction and Gandhi condemned inaction. More importantly, it shows how to avoid the evils that accompany action; this, Gandhi asserted, is the central teaching of the Gita. Gandhi’s interpretation of the Gita was thus: The Gita is an allegory. The battlefield is the human soul where Arjuna, representing higher impulses, struggles against evil. ‘Krishna’, according to Gandhi, ‘is the Dweller within, ever whispering to a pure heart. The Gita described the duel that perpetually went on in the hearts of mankind.’ Gandhi strived throughout his life to achieve detachment and become a Karma Yogi. In tough times, instead of becoming disheartened or angry, he turned the light towards his inner self, exploring his own shortcomings. He never accused or criticized others; he endeavoured to look inwards to find solutions to his problems. In today’s age of politicians who bicker and crib, who point fingers at others at every possible opportunity, do we have a single leader who comes close to Gandhi?3. History is abundantly sprinkled with examples of the times when Gandhi insisted on travelling by third class train, sweating and rubbing shoulders with the masses, even when he could afford first class travel. He continued to do so even at the height of his popularity. He wanted to be treated like the common man. How could he travel by first class when millions in the country were starving and living in unhealthy conditions? How many Indian politicians of today can even conceptualize such sacrifices? Other examples of self-abnegation included living and working in heat when he could have lived in comfort, walking several miles under the unrelenting Indian sun, working manually with his hands and encouraging his family and friends to do likewise, denying his frail, old body food, water and medical treatment while fasting for his various causes, non-violence being the most prominent one. 4. Gandhi arrived in South Africa in May 1893. He went there on business, to win a law suit. When Indians in South Africa were faced with a legislation depriving them of their right to elect members of the legislature, Gandhi consented to stay a month to help resist the move. He ended up spending 20 years fighting for the rights of Indians in South Africa. He won. As a result of his mass civil disobedience movement, Hindu, Muslim and Parsi marriages were declared valid (which were earlier declared invalid by the government to check immigration), the tax on indentured labourers (most of them Indian) was abolished, and indentured labour influx from India was stopped. While individuals in several continents have practised passive resistance, nobody except Gandhi has ever led a successful, non-violent, mass, civil disobedience campaign.5. Gandhi was his own greatest critic. He accepted his faults, his mistakes publicly. He never chastised anybody else as publicly or severely. Just the way he was harshest with himself, his severity of conduct extended to those closest to him – his family. When Gandhi left South Africa for India in 1901, the Indian community in South Africa gave him and his wife expensive gifts and jewellery. He set up a community fund for Indians in South Africa and donated all the gifts, including the gold necklace given to Kasturbai, to the fund. He was extremely critical about the faults of his sons; nobody was given special treatment because of being related to Gandhi.6. Gandhi’s ashram in Admedabad housed many people apart from his family. When an untouchable family came to his ashram and asked to become permanent members, he welcomed them. Everybody else objected. He insisted that the family stays at the ashram. He even adopted the daughter Lakshmi as his own. Gandhi said, “I do not want to be reborn, but if I have to be reborn I should be reborn an untouchable so that I may share their sorrows, sufferings and the affronts levelled against them in order that I may endeavour to free myself and them from their miserable condition.” He took to cleaning the lavatories of the ashram. His disciples voluntarily joined him. Gandhi began calling them ‘Harijans’ (Children of God), and later named his weekly magazine after them. Once a leper came to the ashram. Everyone was scared to go near him for fear of contamination. Gandhi welcomed him and even gave him a massage.7. Indian people worshipped Gandhi. When the train he was travelling in passed by towns and villages, people gathered in large numbers to see him and wave to him. The trains were delayed. They kissed the dust under his feet. They followed his call for passive resistance. At a protest, hundreds of people walked in without resistance to protest. Policemen charged the protestors with rods on their heads, but not one person lifted a hand to defend himself/herself. Many were admitted to the hospital with severe skull injuries and a few died. This was the extent of influence Gandhi had on the masses. 8. Gandhi was vehemently opposed to the partition of India. He was opposed to vivisection of any kind, based on considerations of religion, caste or creed. The Muslim League, lead by Jinnah, wanted nothing less than Pakistan. The non-Muslim minority in north-west Pakistan was close to 38%, and in the north-eastern area (now Bangladesh) was 48%. These figures show, claimed the Cabinet Mission, that partition would not solve the communal minority problems. Jinnah also wanted Punjab, Bengal and Assam to be included in Pakistan, but these areas had a large non-Muslim population. The Cabinet Mission advised a united India. Unable to have its way, the Muslim League under Jinnah, declared 16th August 1946 as Direct Action Day. Savage riots broke out all over the country. Jinnah’s threat of a civil war forced the Congress to accept the proposal of partition. Gandhi was opposed to the decision as he was against division of any kind.9. When the communal riots broke out between Hindus and Muslims after partition in 1947, Gandhi went to Calcutta where the situation was the worst. He fasted and promised to continue his fast until people gave up the madness. He succeeded. The riots subsided. After that he went to Delhi where Muslims were being slaughtered by Hindus and Sikhs. Similar riots were taking place in Pakistan where Hindus and Sikhs were being butchered. He appealed to Hindus and Sikhs to not answer violence by violence, to allow Muslims to return to their houses. As he was harshest with himself and those close to him, he was severest with Hindus. To bring about unity and tolerance between different religions, he often read verses from the Koran during his evening prayers. Fanatic Hindus called him a Muslim lover. Fanatic Muslims accused him of opposing partition. Towards the end of his life, 95% of his mail was hate mail. Once somebody asked him, “If there is one God, should there be only one religion?” Gandhi answered, “A tree has a million leaves. There are many religions but all are rooted in the same God.” Gandhi was responsible for stemming riots that broke out after partition. If it wasn’t for him, many more innocent people would have lost their lives.10. Hindus like Madan Lal (who had tried to assassinate Gandhi by throwing a grenade) and Nathuram Godse were incensed by the presence of Muslims at Hindu services and the reading of selections from the Koran. They resented Gandhi for criticising Hindus for indulging in rioting. Godse shot Gandhi at close range just before the evening prayers on 30th January, 1948. Gandhi fell, and died murmuring ‘Hey Ram’.
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