Visible Sanitary Pad
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https://www.amazon.com/sanitary-pads/s?k=sanitary+pads
Перевести · Amazon Brand - Solimo Ultra Thin Pads with Flexi-Wings for Periods, Overnight Absorbency, Unscented, Size 4, 28 Count, 1 Pack. 28 Count (Pack of 1) 4.4 out of 5 stars. 6,268. …
https://healthtian.com/sanitary-pad
Перевести · 23.09.2019 · The sanitary pad is no doubt the most widely used type of menstrual management in the world today. It is very easy to use, easy to access, and very straightforward. Today, the pads we use are a combination of mostly synthetic, and bleached material, but have you ever wondered what they were like about fifty years ago?
Can you see a Maxi Pad through leggings? *REQUESTED*
Sanitary Napkins: Menstruation & Periods 101
A New Self-Test for Amniotic Fluid Leakage
Mother teaches daughter how to use a sanitary belt
www.designlife-cycle.com/sanitary-pads
Перевести · Xinlei Li. Christina Cogdell. Design 40A. 15 March 2018. The Embodied Energy in Sanitary Pads’ Life Cycle. Starting from the average age of 12, menstruation periods join in females’ life, and they appear …
https://www.w4.org/en/project/reusable-sanitary-pads-for-all
Перевести · Conversely, a reusable pad that is used and cleaned properly can significantly reduce health risks, including the risk of infections. Environmental : Research shows that, on average, a woman will dispose of 290 sanitary pads per year [4] , and between 10,000 and 15,000 menstrual hygiene products (such as sanitary …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_pad
Ориентировочное время чтения: 10 мин
Napkins, especially reusable ones, may be visible on full body scanners.
NGO’s part
In India, Goonj through its 'Not Just a Piece of Cloth' initiative has distributed more than 4 million cloth pads across India and organized thousands of awareness meetings among the most backward communities all across the country.
Napkins, especially reusable ones, may be visible on full body scanners.
NGO’s part
In India, Goonj through its 'Not Just a Piece of Cloth' initiative has distributed more than 4 million cloth pads across India and organized thousands of awareness meetings among the most backward communities all across the country.
An NGO, Our Youth Social Community based in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh is planning to distribute 3.5 lakhs of biodegradable sanitary napkins to rural women in India at a cost of Rs 1. It is totally organized by a team of 18 - 28 years old men and women who are highly enthusiastic in helping others.
Developing countries
In developing countries, makeshift pads are still used to collect menstrual blood as they are cheaper. Rags, soil, and mud are also reportedly used for collecting menstrual flow by people who cannot afford the more expensive disposable pads or tampons.
In order to meet the need for achieving an inexpensive solution to reduce unsanitary and unhygienic practices in countries like India, Arunachalam Muruganantham from rural Coimbatore in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, India, developed and patented a machine which could manufacture low-cost sanitary pads for less than a third of the former cost. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation awarded Nairobi-based ZanaAfrica a grant of US$3 million. ZanaAfrica explores creative approaches to menstrual health education for adolescent girls.
In India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi government is planning to launch a ₹12,000 crore scheme to ensure access to sanitary napkins across India, pegged on its popular ₹1/pad under Suvidha brand. The pads are oxo-biodegradable, which means they break down into “tiny pieces in the presence of oxygen and may then slowly biodegrade”. The original cost of production of each pad is estimated at Rs 2.50.
Are there any sanitary pads that are reusable?
Are there any sanitary pads that are reusable?
Most reliable sanitary pads are made of soft cotton fabrics that absorb the menstrual blood readily. Reusable pads are washed after each use so that they can be used again. You can guess already that for every upside, there just might be a few downsides.
Why do women need to make their own sanitary pads?
Why do women need to make their own sanitary pads?
Enabling women to make their own washable sanitary pads would ensure girls’ and women’s access to safer menstrual pads and guarantee better menstrual hygiene and fewer infections. Financial: it’s estimated that, in France, each woman spends between €5 and €7 per month on menstrual hygiene products [2].
www.w4.org/en/project/reusable-sanitary-p…
What are the different parts of a sanitary pad?
What are the different parts of a sanitary pad?
The sanitary pad is composed by a series of raw materials which are distributed based on the different layers that make up the sanitary pad which includes: the topsheet, emollient, absorbent core, scent, and backsheet. The main design of a standard sanitary pad includes: the top sheet, emollient, absorbent core, backsheet and the adhesive ...
www.designlife-cycle.com/sanitary-pads
Are there reusable sanitary pads with wings from the hive?
Are there reusable sanitary pads with wings from the hive?
The reusable,Re-washable sanitary Pad with wings from The Hive is ideal for women who have sensitive skin or skin allergies and is a great alternative to disposable feminine protection.
thehivebulkfoods.com/product/thehive-reus…
https://www.rockflower.org/reusable-sanitary-pads-project
Перевести · The reusable sanitary pad is unique and innovative, in that it is made from locally available second hand clothing materials, which are readily available in the local market. It …
https://www.technicaltextile.net/articles/an-overview-on-sanitary-napkins-7850
Перевести · Sanitary pad manufacturers are more interested in increasing performance of pads by using material derived from crude petroleum. This has negative environmental impacts and is a health hazard. Designing a sanitary pad …
https://thehivebulkfoods.com/product/thehive-reusable-sanitary-pads
Перевести · 28.06.2018 · The reusable sanitary pad from The Hive is ideal for women who have sensitive skin or skin allergies and is a great alternative to disposable feminine protection. Our reusable sanitary pad …
https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/sanitary-pads-campaign-for-underprivileged-girls
Перевести · The Sanitary pads campaign is aimed at donating sanitary pads to 5Million underprivileged girls by 2020. - Improve school attendance among rural girls. -Provide rural girls with sustanible sanitary …
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The Embodied Energy in Sanitary Pads’ Life Cycle
Starting from the average age of 12, menstruation periods join in females’ life, and they appear in patterns: most of the women have menstruation at the end of each month, while some of the women have it once every two months. Throughout the history, women have tried a lot of ways to hide the uncontrollable bloody features: ancestors tended to use animal skins, feathers, and other materials that seemed to have higher absorbing ability; in recent times, people used more cotton materials, but new problems about reusing and wasting appeared ; and now, with advanced development of factories’ systems of manufacturing process, transportation, and disposing wastes, females have more options to deal with their physiological body reactions. One of the options is to have sanitary pads. Through the complex life cycle analysis on these products, I will demonstrate the various kinds of energy that are consumed in different levels of productions.
1. Raw Material Acquisition and Manufacturing, Processing, Formulation
The main raw materials used today for sanitary pads are mainly made from cotton. With the development of technology, people invent more synthetical materials including rayon (which is often considered as artificial celluloses), non-woven fabric, paper pulp, and a combination of these materials. In many developing regions, harvesting cotton plantation requires human power (“Transportation of Cotton Cargo”); in developed countries, with advanced technology, producing cotton requires agricultural forces in forms of electricity, diesel, and other sources, which means electrical energy and thermal energy are applied (Welsh). Paper pulping mills have different consumption of energy due to different products, and it’s more common in inking industry, so it’s unsuccessful to find the exact number of energy for sanitary products. In order to acquire rayon, the producers need to cover a long process from purifying, drying, shredding, and aging (“Rayon”).
While the producers of rayon use machines, kinetic and mechanical energy is largely involved, and since the machines made nowadays require electricity to run on, electrical energy is involved as well. The manufacturing process of non-woven fabric is similar as rayon’s, which includes purifying and drying processes, and the producers use machines for some steps as well, but it requires some other complex technology’s combination: “hydroentangling, neddlepunching, thermalbonding, etc. (“Nonwoven Fabric Manufacturing Process: Air/Dry Laid and Carding”).” According to these technology, it’s obvious to figure out that the producers use thermal energy and chemical energy to master the technology. By examining hydroentangling technology, researchers from College of Textiles in NC State University demonstrate the existence of threshold energy. They also find out the relationship between jet pressure and the variable amount of energy (Zheng et al. 43). By examining neddlepunching technology, researchers discuss the elastic energy increasing from 9.7 mJ/m at 0.01 mm/s to 18.1 mN mm/mm at 1.0 mm/s according to the different fiber sliding and pulling-out process (Martinez-Hergueta et al. 64). Thermalbonding technology is basically relied on heat energy in high temperature in order to soften and melt. By transferring heat energy into mechanical energy in equipment like calendars, radiant energy appears.
2. Distribution and Transportation
Fundamentally, distribution and transportation in sanitary pads’ life circle have three transitions: from raw materials to industrial factories, from industrial factories to consumers, and from consumers to waste.
In the transition from raw materials to industrial factories, from the standpoint of global statistics, cotton is mainly exported from countries such as India, China, United States, Pakistan, Brazil, and some other places around the world (“Distribution of cotton production worldwide in 2016/2017, by country”). In these big countries with beneficial and stable resources of cotton, factories can choose local delivery with transportation ways like tractors, overloaded trucks and railroads (“Transportation of Cotton Cargo”). These vehicles require the energy from burning fuels, which is considered as a transformation from thermal energy to kinetic energy.
In the distribution from industrial factories to consumers, companies generally choose the common way like other products, which is to use ocean transport, rail transport, and air transport, and the energy required is basically the same as the vehicles required in the process from raw materials to industrial factories: any kind of energy will eventually transform into kinetic energy (Cao et al. 1). However, since the ocean transport requires water power, the new transformation from water power to kinetic energy is presented.
Lastly, there is the distribution from consumers to waste. This process is simple if people just focus on the distribution part, which is illustrated by consumers’ actions of throwing trash as other common behaviors. There are any researchers calculating the data through this process.
3. Use/Reuse/Maintenance and Recycle
In the process that consumers use the sanitary pads, absorption takes a significant role to help to collect the biological waste from women’s bodies, and the main energy included in the process is electromagnetic energy that is transformed by wave motion (“Absorption”).
Since almost all the sanitary pads that women buy for monthly use are one-time products, it’s hard to tell the reusability by simply discussing the products’ use for menstruation. However, reusable sanitary pads exist, and the material is basically the same while larger portion of cotton is added into the product. Women will use the products and wash it for many times; however, based on the more complicated process of washing and drying, their higher price, and more options like menstrual cup and tampons, the reusable sanitary pads don’t have a large market and enough analyzed data provided.
In order to maintain the sanitary pads in clean conditions, producers have used plastic wrappers and cardboards to pack the products to create non-polluted condition for sanitary pads. Since more materials are applied to sanitary pads in this maintaining process, more energy is required to make the plastic wrappers and the cardboard boxes. The energy required for making plastic wrappers is similar with rayon’s manufacture, which requires kinetic energy and electrical energy. Same kinds of energy are applied on cardboard making.
There is not any access available for manufacturers to recycle one-time used sanitary napkins: there are many things added into the products after being used, including human wastes that should be sorted as landfill. In short, there is no energy cost for recycling part. However, since the cardboard boxes are considered as a part of the products, the recycling process is possible, and a lot of energy could be saved: “recycling one ton of cardboard saves 390 kWh of energy (“Recycling Facts & Tips”).” According to the same resource, WM GI Industries have also found out the energy saved in recycling the plastic materials: “recycling one ton of plastic saves 5, 774 kWh energy.”
From the standpoint of the whole life cycle of sanitary pads, there are a lot of wastes produced from the process of acquiring raw materials to the disposal step. Since there are many kinetic energy and mechanical energy appeared for transportation and machines’ use, according to the law of energy conservation, there must be some amount of energy lost in the process, and the energy is thermal energy and kinetic energy of friction (Redish).
Additionally, there is a large amount of energy cost while people try to deal with the wastes in disposal systems. There are several common ways to dispose the waste: simply throwing away the trash in assigned trash collection or random public spaces including water area, burning, burying, and flushing down in toilets (Basu). Water power appears in the process of throwing into water areas and flushing down in toilets. However, these ways can cause pollution problems and also mechanical problems of local water system, so in the process of fixing the issues, human energy is involved. In order to burning the wastes, chemical energy and thermal energy both appear. In the process of burying, chemical and electromagnetic energy are involved to decompose the waste in the dust. In the process of burning, a large amount of thermal energy is required to ignite the cotton materials inside the products, and chemical energy appears in the process of burning biological waste and plastic wrappers accompanied with the products.
In conclusion, throughout the life cycle, the embodied energy to produce, transport, and discard as waste requires various kinds of energy, mainly composed of mechanical energy, chemical energy, and electrical energy as main ones in the whole routine.
Blythe, James. “Transportation of Cotton Cargo.” Skuld, 11 June 2014,
www.skuld.com/topics/cargo/general-cargo/transportation-of-cotton-cargo/.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Absorption.” Encyclopædia Britannica,
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/absorption-physics.
Cao, Dayong, et al. “Compare for Water Transport and Railway.” MARKET OUTLOOK, 19 May
2009, wenku.baidu.com/view/e54fe32f7375a417866f8f7e.html.
“Distribution of Cotton Production Worldwide in 2016/2017, by Country.” Statista, Nov. 2016,
www.statista.com/statistics/595561/distribution-of-global-cotton-production-by-country/.
“Energy Use Efficiency.” CottonInfo, www.cottoninfo.com.au/energy-use-efficiency.
Laurijssen, Jobien, et al. “Benchmarking Energy Use in the Paper Industry: a Benchmarking
Study on Process Unit Level.” Energy Efficiency, vol. 6, no. 1, 2012, pp. 49–63., doi:10.1007/s12053-012-9163-9.
MartÃnez-Hergueta, F., et al. “Deformation and Energy Dissipation Mechanisms of Needle-
Punched Nonwoven Fabrics: A Multiscale Experimental Analysis.” International Journal
of Solids and Structures, vol. 64-65, 2015, pp. 120–131., doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.03.018.
“Nonwoven Fabric Manufacturing Process: Air/Dry Laid and Carding.” Barnhardt Purified
Cotton, 10 Mar. 2016, www.barnhardtcotton.net/blog/nonwoven-fabric-manufacturing-process-airdry-laid-and-carding/.
“Rayon.” How Products Are Made, www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Rayon.html.
“Recycling Facts & Tips.” Waste Management , WM GI Industries,
www.wm.com/location/california/ventura-county/west-hills/recycle/facts.jsp.
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umdberg.pbworks.com/w/page/61342878/Mechanical%20energy%20loss%20-
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Russell, S. J. Handbook of Nonwovens. CRC Press, 2007.
“Tracking Progress: Pulp and Paper.” International Energy Agency, 16 May 2017,
www.iea.org/etp/tracking2017/pulpandpaper/.
Zheng, Huabing, et al. “The Impact of Input Energy On the Performance Of Hydroentangled
Nonwoven Fabrics.” International Nonwovens Journal, 2003,
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Menstrual pads have been an essential product in the lives of women when dealing with the monthly menstruation cycles that take place. The earliest form of sanitary pads can be traced back to the early 10th century in Ancient Greece where rags were utilized by women which were commonly made up of either sheep’s wool or cotton as the main material that was used (“The History of the Sanitary Pad”). The concept of these menstrual rags were then later evolved in France when nurses created a disposable pad that they could utilize when in the battlefield during war time, which ins
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Amazon.com: sanitary pads
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Visible Sanitary Pad
