Великие по собственному выбору

120

Mary Kwak and David B. Yoffie, “Apple Computer 1999,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–799–108 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1999), 12–13; Gabriel Madway, “Apple CEO-in-Waiting Tim Cook Haunted by Vision Quest,” Reuters, February 23, 2011; Jim Carlton, Apple (New York: Random House, 1997), 15; Apple Inc., Fiscal 1997 10K (Cupertino, CA: Apple Inc., 1997); Yusi Wang and David B. Yoffie, “Apple Computer 2002,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–702–469 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2003); Общая сумма (в данном случае – продажи, общие и административные расходы) сократилась в процентном отношении к продажам.

121

Julie Hennessy and Andrei Najjar, “Apple Computer, Inc.: Think Different, Think Online Music,” Kellogg School of Management, case study #KEL065 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 2004), 2–3, 6; Brent Schlender, “How Big Can Apple Get?” Fortune, February 21, 2005; Rob Walker, “The Guts of a New Machine,” New York Times, November 30, 2003.
122

Julie Hennessy and Andrei Najjar, “Apple Computer, Inc.: Think Different, Think Online Music,” Kellogg School of Management, case study #KEL065 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 2004), 6; David B. Yoffie and Michael Slind, “Apple Computer, 2006,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–706–496 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2007), 13; Morten T Hansen, Collaboration (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2009), 7.
123

Apple Inc., Fiscal 2001–2 lOKs (Cupertino, CA: Apple Inc., 2001–2).
124

Rob Walker, “The Guts of a New Machine,” New York Times, November 30, 2003; David B. Yoffie and Michael Slind, “Apple Computer, 2006,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–706–496 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2007), 17; Julie Hennessy and Andrei Najjar, “Apple Computer, Inc.: Think Different, Think Online Music,” Kellogg School of Management, case study #KEL065 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 2004), 6–9; Olga Kharif, “iPod: A Seed for Growth,” Business Week, August 27, 2002.

125

Основано на доле рынка, принадлежавшей Apple (менее 5 % в 2001 году).
126

Yusi Wang and David B. Yoffie, “Apple Computer 2002,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–702–469 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2003); Peter Burrows, “Steve Jobs: I’m an Optimist,’” Business Week Online, August 13, 2003; “iPod + iTunes Timeline,” Apple Inc., www.apple.com/pr/products/ipodhistory/; Julie Hennessy and Andrei Najjar, “Apple Computer, Inc.: Think Different, Think Online Music,” Kellogg School of Management, case study #KEL065 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 2004), 11; David B. Yoffie and Michael Slind, “Apple Computer, 2006,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–706–496 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2007), 17.

127

Jim Carlton, Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunders (New York: HarperBusiness, 1997), 394–428; Miguel Helft and Ashlee Vance, “Apple Passes Microsoft as No. 1 in Tech,” New York Times, May 26, 2010.
128

Quotable Emerson, http://www.quotableemerson.com/allquotes.php.
129

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 149, 214, 231, 242, 250–51; “Ed Viesturs on IMAX Everest: The Exclusive Mountain Zone Interview,” Mountain Zone, http://classic.mountainzone.com/climbing/everest/imax/.
130

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 149, 250–52.
131

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 251–53, 255–56, 261.
132

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 224, 232–34, 252–53.
133

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 237, 240, 254–55; Jon Krakauer, Into Thin Air (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), 68.
134

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 284, 289, 291; Jon Krakauer, Into Thin Air (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), xv; National Geographic Adventure, http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/everest/index.html; “Everest Fatalities,” Adventure Stats, http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/everest_fatilities.shtml.
135

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 217, 298; Jon Krakauer, Into Thin Air (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), 27, 34–36, 65, 68–69.
136

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 224; Jon Krakauer, Into Thin Air (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), 153, 207–10; Storm Over Everest (Washington, DC: PBS Frontline, 2008), DVD.
137

Jon Krakauer, Into Thin Air (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), 171.
138

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 217, 232, 261, 265, 281, 284, 289, 296; Jon Krakauer, Into Thin Air (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), 208, 214, 258; Storm Over Everest (Washington, DC: PBS Frontline, 2008), DVD.
139

Intel Corporation, Fiscal 1997 and 1999 Annual Reports (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1997 and 1999); Advanced Micro Devices, Fiscal 1999 Annual Report (Sunnyvale, CA: Advanced Micro Devices, 1999). Расчеты основаны на наличных и краткосрочных инвестициях.
140

“Intel: The Microprocessor Champ Gambles on Another Leap Forward,” Business Week, April 14, 1980, 94; Mimi Real and Robert Warren, A Revolution in Progress… A History of Intel to Date (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporate Communications Department, 1984), 7, 46; Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 172.
141

Steven Rosenbush, Robert D. Hof, and Ben Elgin, “Too Much Cash, Too Little Innovation,” Business Week, July 18, 2005; Jeremy Quittner, “Entrepreneurs Hoard Cash,” Business Week, April 16, 2008; Ben McClure, “Cash: Can a Company Have Too Much?” Investopedia, http://boards.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental/03/062503.asp.
142

Tim Olper, Lee Pinkowitz, Rene Stulz, and Rohan Williamson, “The Determinants and Implications of Corporate Cash Holdings,” Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 17. Примечание: в финансовых отчетах ликвидность страховых компаний выглядит совершенно иначе, чем в других отраслях, включенных в наше исследование. По этой причине коэффициент ликвидности Progressive в данной статистике не учитывается.
143

Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan (New York: Random House, 2007); Nassim N. Taleb Home & Professional Page, http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com.
144

Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 1991 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 1991), 3.
145

Terry Maxon, “Southwest Airlines’ Chances for Survival Good in Industry Crisis,” Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, October 4, 2001; “It Must Be the Peanuts,” CFO, December 2001,48; Kim Clark, “Nothing But the Plane Truth,” U. S. News & World Report, December 31, 2001, 58; “Southwest Airlines Soars with Morningstar’s CEO of the Year Award,” PR Newswire, January 4, 2002; Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2001 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2001), 5; Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2002 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2002), 2.

146

“It Must Be the Peanuts,” CFO, December 2001, 48; Marc L. Songini, “Southwest Expands Business Tools’ Role: Will Manage Operational Data with Tools that Helped Stabilize Finances after Attacks,” Computerworld, July 15, 2002, 6; Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2001 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2001), 4.
147

Good to Great, produced by Sam Tyler (Boston: Northern Light Productions, 2006), DVD.
148

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 251–56, 265, 285.
149

Andy Grove with Bethany McClean, “Taking on Prostate Cancer,” Fortune, May 13, 1996.
150

Данные для этого раздела и диаграммы: Stryker Corporation, Fiscal 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, and 1998 Annual Reports (Kalamazoo, MI: Stryker Corporation, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, and 1998).
151

Brenda Rios, “Kalamazoo, Mich., Medical Products Firm to Buy Pfizer Orthopedics Unit,” Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, August 14, 1998; James P. Miller, “Conservative Stryker Joins the Merger Game in a Big Way,” Wall Street Journal, August 21, 1998, 1; Stryker Corporation, Fiscal 1998 Annual Report (Kalamazoo, MI: Stryker Corporation, 1998), 6.
152

Brenda Rios, “Kalamazoo, Mich., Medical Products Firm to Buy Pfizer Orthopedics Unit,” Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, August 14, 1998; James P. Miller, “Conservative Stryker Joins the Merger Game in a Big Way,” Wall Street Journal, August 21,1998,1; Stryker Corporation, Fiscal 1989, 1996, 1998, and 2000 Annual Reports (Kalamazoo, MI: Stryker Corporation, 1989, 1996, 1998, and 2000).
153

Личная беседа с автором.
154

Daniel J. Simons and Christopher F. Chabris, “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events,” Perception, 1999, 1059–70.
155

Фамилия мистера Бакаута встречается в трех разных написаниях. Мы выбрали вариант, используемый в официальной истории Intel за 15 лет. Mimi Real and Robert Warren, A Revolution in Progress… A History of Intel to Date (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporate Communications Department, 1984), 15.
156

William H. Davidow, Marketing High Technology (New York: The Free Press, 1986), 1–11; Mimi Real and Robert Warren, A Revolution in Progress… A History of Intel to Date (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporate Communications Department, 1984), 15.
157

Mimi Real and Robert Warren, A Revolution in Progress… A History of Intel to Date (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporate Communications Department, 1984), 15; William H. Davidow, Marketing High Technology (New York: The Free Press, 1986), 4–6.
158

William H. Davidow, Marketing High Technology (New York: The Free Press, 1986), 7–8, 10; Katie Woodruff, Defining Intel: 25 Years/25 Events (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1993), 16; Tim Jackson, Inside Intel: Andy Grove and the Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Chip Company (New York: Plume, 1997), 194.
159

Gordon M. Binder, Amgen (n.p. The Newcomen Society of the United States, 1998), 12; David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story: 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego: Tehabi Books, 2005), 84–85.
160

Ellen Benoit, “Breakfast at the Ritz,” Financial World, March 10, 1987, 18; Marilyn Chase, “FDA Panel Rejection of Anti-Clot Drug Sets Genentech Back Months, Perils Stock,” Wall Street Journal, June 1, 1987, 26; Jesus Sanchez, “Rejection of Genentech’s Heart Drug Surprises Biotechnology Investors,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1987, 1; Stuart Gannes and Gene Bylinsky, “The Big Boys are Joining the Biotech Party: Corporate Giants are about to Crowd the Start-Ups,” Fortune, July 6, 1987, 58; Andrew Pollack, “Taking the Crucial Next Step at Genentech,” New York Times, January 28, 1990.

161

Jesus Sanchez, “Rejection of Genentech’s Heart Drug Surprises Biotechnology Investors,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1987, 1; Brenton R. Schlender, “Genentech’s Missteps and FDA Policy Shift Led to TPA Setback,” Wall Street Journal, June 16, 1987, 1.
162

Marilyn Chase, “FDA Panel Rejection of Anti-Clot Drug Sets Genentech Back Months, Perils Stock,” Wall Street Journal, June 1, 1987, 26; Jesus Sanchez, “Rejection of Genentech’s Heart Drug Surprises Biotechnology Investors,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1987, 1; “Paradise Postponed,” Economist, June 6, 1987; “Genentech, Biotechnology Stocks Tumble After Ruling on TPA Drug for Blood Clots,” Wall Street Journal, June 2, 1987, 3.
163

Reginald Rhein Jr., “FDA Pulls Out the Stops to Approve Genentech’s TPA,” Chemical Week, November 25, 1987, 9.
164

Joan O’C. Hamilton and Reginald Rhein Jr., “A Nasty Shock for Genentech,” Business Week, June 15, 1987, 37; Reginald Rhein Jr., “FDA Pulls Out the Stops to Approve Genentech’s TPA,” Chemical Week, November 25, 1987, 10.
165

Helen Wheeler, “The Race After Genentech,” High Technology Business, September 1987, 38, 42; Joan O’C. Hamilton, “Rivals Horn In On Genentech’s Heart Drug,” Business Week, October 26, 1987, 112L.
166

Don Clark, “Genentech May Set Trend: Deal Gives Biotech Firm R&D Money,” San Francisco Chronicle, February 3, 1990, Bl; Jane Fitz Simon, “Swiss Firm to Buy US Biotech Giant,” Boston Globe, February 3, 1990, 1; Karol Neilsen, “Roche Floats Genentech Shares,” Chemical Week, November 17,1999, 33; Andrew Pollack, “Roche Offers $43.7 Billion for Shares in Genentech It Does Not Already Own,” New York Times, July 22,2008,6; “Swiss Drug Giant Roche Buys Up Genentech,” CBS News, March 12, 2009, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/03/12/business/main4861008.shtml?source=RSSattr=Health_4861008. 27. “Centuries of Citizenship: A Constitutional Timeline,” National Constitution Center, http://constitutioncenter.org/timeline/html/cw02.html; Declaration of Independence, USHistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/27. “Centuries of Citizenship: A Constitutional Timeline,” National Constitution Center, http://constitutioncenter.org/timeline/html/cw02.html; Declaration of Independence, USHistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/.

167

Roland Huntford, The Last Place on Earth (New York: Random House, 1999), 197, 202, 204–6; Roald Amundsen, The South Pole (McLean, VA: IndyPublish.com, 2009), 25–26.
168

Roland Huntford, The Last Place on Earth (New York: Random House, 1999), 284–85, 288; Roald Amundsen, The South Pole (McLean, VA: IndyPublish.com, 2009), 70–72, 205–7, 346.
169

Мольер. Мнимый больной, акт III, сцена 3.
170

Howard D. Putnam with Gene Busnar, The Winds of Turbulence (Reno, NV: Howard D. Putnam Enterprises Inc., 1991), 8, 12–14, 302.
171

Howard D. Putnam, “Southwest Airlines Co.: Presentation by Howard D. Putnam, President and Chief Executive Officer, Before the Dallas Association of Investment Analysts,” Wall Street Transcript, May 28, 1979; “Texas Gets Bigger,” Forbes, November 12, 1979.
172

“Icelandair,” Funding Universe, “ http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Icelandair-Company-History.html.
173

“Fact Sheet: Fleet,” Southwest Airlines Co., http://www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/history/fact-sheet.html.
174

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992), 54, 491–92; Noreen Seebacher, “Stryker Products: Just What the Doctor Ordered,” Detroit News, May 6, 1991, 3F; Michael Tubbs, “Recession is a Chance to Increase R&D Expenditure,” Financial Times, December 2, 2008; Barry Stavro, “Amgen Plays It Cool Despite Clamor Over EPO,” Los Angeles Times, June 7, 1989; James Ellis, “You Don’t Necessarily Get What You Pay For,” Business Week, May 4, 1992.
175

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 217–18, 225, 294–96; David Breashears, “David Breashears Speech Preview,” YouTube, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5383977496159243481; личная беседа с автором.
176

Robert G. Knowles, “Progressive Launches Marketing ’Experiment,’ “National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk & Benefits Management, July 22, 1991; “Thomas A. King: The Progressive Corporation (PGR),” Wall Street Transcript, January 14, 2002; Peter Lewis, “The Progressive Corporation: Address by Peter B. Lewis, President to the New York Society of Security Analysis,” Wall Street Transcript, January 24, 1972; Amy Hutton and James Weber, “Progressive Insurance: Disclosure Strategy,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–102–012 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002), 3–4; Gregory David, “Chastened?” Financial World, January 4, 1994, 40, Frances X Frei and Hanna Rodnguez-Farrar, “Innovation at Progressive (A) Pay-As-You-Go Insurance,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–602–175 (Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002), 5, The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1986 Annual Report (Mayfield Heights, OH The Progressive Corporation, 1986), 17–18, The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 2001 Annual Report (Mayfield Village, OH The Progressive Corporation, 2001), 20, Nicola) Siggelkow and Michael E. Porter, “Progressive Corporation,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–797–109 (Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, 1998), 8, The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1971 Annual Report (Cleveland, OH The Progressive Corporation, 1971), Robert McGough, “Like to Drink and Drive?” Financial World, November 27, 1990, 27.

177

Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA Paladwr Press, 2002), 221, 231, 295, Jerry Brown, “PSA President Sale of AirCal Sparked Merger,” Travel Weekly, December 18, 1986.
178

Southwest Airlines Co, Fiscal 1987 Annual Report (Dallas Southwest Airlines Co, 1987), James E Ellis, “These Two Airlines Are Doing It Their Way,” Business Week, September 21, 1987, “Southwest Airlines Company (LUV),” Wall Street Transcript, June 13, 1988.
179

Julie Pitta, “Apple’s Mr Pragmatist,” Forbes, March 28, 1994.
180

Jim Carlton, Apple The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunders (New York Random House, 1997), 13–14, 20–21, Michael Gartenberg, “Now Apple’s Really ’For the Rest of Us,’ “Macworld com, June 23, 2010, Mary Kwak and David B. Yoffie, “Apple Computer 1999,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–799–108 (Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, 1999), 2–5, Johanna M. Hurstak and David B. Yoffie, “Reshaping Apple Computer’s Destiny 1992,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–393–011 (Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, 1992), 5, Julie Pitta, “Apple’s Mr Pragmatist,” Forbes, March 28, 1994, John Markoff, “An ’Unknown’ Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil,” New York Times, September 1, 1997, Chris Preimesberger, “How Apple Dodged a Sun Buyout,” eWeek, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/How-Apple-Dodged-a-Sun-Buyout-Former-CEOs-McNealy-Zander-Tell-All-251679/. Данные графика «1985–1997: Microsoft на подъеме, Apple сбилась с шага» включены в это примечание.

181

Brent Schlender, “How Big Can Apple Get?” Fortune, February 21, 2005.
182

Brent Schlender, “How Big Can Apple Get?” Fortune, February 21, 2005, James Pomfret and Kelvin Soh, “For Apple Suppliers, Loose Lips Can Sink Contracts,” Reuters, February 17, 2010, Devin Leonard, “Songs in the Key of Steve,” Fortune, May 12, 2003; Julie Hennessy and Andrei Najjar, “Apple Computer, Inc.: Think Different, Think Online Music,” Kellogg School of Management, case study #KEL065 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 2004), 16; Nick Wingfield, “Core Value: At Apple, Secrecy Complicates Life But Maintains Buzz,” Wall Street Journal, June 28, 2006; David Kirkpatrick and Tyler Ma-roney, “The Second Coming of Apple,” Fortune, November 9, 1998; Thomas E. Weber, “Why I Fired Steve Jobs,” Daily Beast, June 6, 2010.

183

Rick Bernstein and Ross Greenburg, The UCLA Dynasty (New York: Home Box Office Inc, 2008), DVD.
184

Rick Bernstein and Ross Greenburg, The UCLA Dynasty (New York: Home Box Office Inc, 2008), DVD.
185

“Abraham Lincoln,” Quotations Book, http://quotationsbook.com/quote/44576/#axzzlJL6NjMqm.
186

Kathleen K. Wiegner, “Why A Chip Is Not A Chip,” Forbes, June 17, 1985; Mary Bellis, “Inventors of the Modern Computer: Intel 4004 – The World’s First Single Chip Microprocessor,” About.com, http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microprocessor.htm; Dan Steere and Robert A. Burgelman, “Intel Corporation (D): Microprocessors at the Crossroads,” Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, case study #BP-256D (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1994).

187

Bruce Graham and Robert A. Burgelman, “Intel Corporation (B): Implementing the DRAM Decision,” Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, case study #S-BP-256B (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1991), 1.
188

Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Proceedings of the IEEE, January 1998 (This is a reprint from the original publication: Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electronics, April 19, 1965.); “Intel: Supplier Rising as a Big Competitor,” New York Times, February 14, 1990, Dl; Robert N. Noyce, “Large-Scale Integration: What is Yet to Come?” Science, March 1977; Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and David B. Yoffie, “Intel Corporation: 1968–2003 (Teaching Note),” Harvard Business School, case study #5–704–465 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2004), 2; “Craig Barrett is Leading the Chip Giant Into Riskier Terrain,” Business Week, March 13, 2000, 110; Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 227; Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973,184; Don Clark, “Intel Lawyer Commands Chip War,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 28, 1993; Andrew S. Grove, “How to Make Confrontation Work For You,” Fortune, July 13, 1984; “Creativity by the Numbers: An Interview with Robert N. Noyce,” Harvard Business Review, May-June 1980; “IBM and Intel Link Up to Fend Off Japan,” Business Week, January 10, 1983; Tim Jackson, Inside Intel (New York: Penguin Putnam Inc., 1997), 9, 313–16; Don Clark, “Inside Intel, It’s All Copying,” Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2002.

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